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CHRONOLOGY 

OF  THE 

ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS 

OP 

PAPER  AND  PAPER-MAKING. 


•  •••••  •  :  •  :  t : , *  \ 

OF  THE 

ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS 

OF 

PAPER  AND  PAPER-MAKING. 

BY 

JOEL  MUNSELL. 


FIFTH  EDITION,  WITH  ADDITIONS. 


ALBANY: 
J.  MUNSELL,  82  STATE  STREET. 
1876. 


rMF  ^=TTY  CENTER 


PREFACE. 


HE  facts  embraced  in  the  following  pages 
have  been  gathered  from  so  many  sources, 
that  it  would  materially  encumber  the 
work  to  give  authorities.  The  valuable  essay  of 
Breitkopf,1  published  in  1784,  and  the  interesting  his- 
tory of  Matthias  Koops,2  who  made  extensive  experi- 
ments in  England  in  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century,  have  furnished  numerous  data.  The  Jury 
Report  of  the  London  Industrial  Exhibition  has  been 
used  to  a  considerable  extent  for  more  modern  statis- 
tics of  European  countries.  For  the  remainder,  al- 
most every  available  work  has  been  consulted  in 
English,  French,  German,  and  Nederdutch,  and  the 
newspapers.  Upon  the  accuracy  of  the  figures  in  the 
statistics  here  given  it  is  impossible  implicitly  to  rely, 

1  Versuch  den  Ursprung  der  Spielkarten,  die  Einfuehrung  des  Lein- 
enpapieres,  etc.,  Leipzig,  1784,  2  vols.,  4to. 

9  Historical  Account  of  the  Substances  which  have  been  used  to 
describe  Events,  and  to  convey  Ideas,  from  the  earliest  Date  to  the 
Invention  of  Paper,  London,  1801,  8vo. 

2 


2  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

especially  upon  such  as  have  been  gathered  from  the 
newspapers,  where  careful  comparison  is  seldom  given. 
The  compiler  has  availed  himself  of  whatever  came 
under  his  observation  that  had  the  appearance  of  au- 
thenticity, but  has  not  always  had  opportunity  to  verify 
dates  and  quantities. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  number  of  experiments  made 
for  the  attainment  of  the  same  object  by  the  same 
means  in  England  and  America  especially,  that  paper- 
makers  have  had  but  little  intercommunication,  and 
there  has  long  been  great  want  of  an  American  work, 
practical  and  experimental,  on  this  most  important 
art,  which  it  is  thought  the  eminent  work  of  Mr. 
Hoffman  has  not  wholly  supplied.  An  account  of 
the  modes  that  have  been  pursued  by  the  experiment- 
ers who  have  so  long  and  arduously  sought  after  a 
substitute  for  rags  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  would 
of  itself  form  an  instructive  volume.  These  experi- 
ments began  in  Europe  more  than  a  century  ago,  and 
were  induced  by  the  same  cause  which  has  ever  since 
given  rise  to  efforts  in  the  same  direction,  the  scarcity 
of  rags.  They  have  continually  exercised  the  minds 
of  manufacturers  and  others  in  this  country  during  the 
present  century,  and  the  records  of  the  patent  office 
attest  the  fertility  of  invention  which  has  been  ex- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  3 

pended  in  this  field  of  discovery.  The  list  given  in 
former  editions  of  this  work  of  substances  which  have 
been  experimented  upon,  and  of  which  it  is  claimed 
that  paper  has  been  produced  of  fair  qualities,  shows 
in  a  measure  the  extent  of  the  effort  which  has  been 
made  to  procure  material  to  meet  the  increasing  de- 
mand for  paper  fabrics  ;  but  they  have  now  become  so 
numerous,  embracing  almost  everything  in  nature,  that 
a  repetition  has  been  abandoned,  as  may  well  be  done, 
since  fish  fibre  has  come  in  vogue,  and  sausages  are 
cased  in  paper  bladders,  in  place  of  animal  intestines. 

Not  only  have  numerous  patents  been  procured  for 
useless  modes  of  producing  paper  from  various  articles, 
for  want  of  a  knowledge  of  what  had  already  been 
done  in  the  same  line,  but  costly  machinery  has  in 
some  cases  been  erected  to  assist  in  bringing  them  into 
use,  after  they  had  been  experimented  upon  repeatedly 
and  condemned.  This  will  continue  to  be  done  until 
something  is  published  on  the  subject  in  such  a  shape 
as  to  be  accessible  to  the  trade.  It  is  hardly  necessary 
to  say  that  this  work  does  not  aim  to  supply  the  de- 
sideratum, yet  to  a  considerable  extent  it  will  serve  as 
an  index  to  those  experiments.  It  also  indicates  what 
has  been  done  towards  bringing  machinery  to  perfec- 
tion, while  those  efforts  were  being  made  to  discover 


4  Chronology  of  Paper  Making. 

new  materials  for  paper  stock.  It  is  in  this  depart- 
ment that  great  results  have  been  attained.  In  less 
than  half  a  century,  the  machines  have  entirely  super- 
seded the  diminutive  hand-mills  which  sparsely  dotted 
the  country,  and  gigantic  establishments  have  risen 
up  in  their  places.  Paper-mill  villages,  and  banking 
institutions  even,  have  grown  out  of  this  flourishing 
branch  of  industrial  art,  and  we  behold  with  satisfac- 
tion and  amazement,  what  has  been  brought  about  by 
the  aid  of  a  commodity  so  insignificant  in  the  eyes  of 
the  world  as  linen  and  cotton  rags. 


THE  PAPYRUS  PLANT. 


INTRODUCTION. 


LL  materials  used  for  writing  upon  in  early- 
times  were  such  as  required  but  little  me- 
chanical fashioning  to  fit  them  for  that  pur- 
pose. Characters  were  engraved  on  flat 
stones  made  smooth,  or  were  impressed  in  clay,  which 
was  afterwards  dried  or  hardened  by  sun  or  fire,  as  in 
the  Babylonian  bricks.  Thin  boards  of  wood,  covered 
with  wax  or  a  similar  composition,  and  plates  of  ivory 
and  metal,  have  been  used  ;  but  a  more  convenient 
material  was  afforded  by  the  leaves  of  certain  species 
of  trees.  The  skins  and  intestines  of  animals  have 
also  been  made  fit  for  writing  upon ;  and  there  still 
exists  in  the  Sorbonne  at  Paris  a  manuscript  certified 
by  an  ancient  librarian  to  be  written  upon  human 
skin  ;  and  an  elegant  copy  of  the  Bible  which  the 
Abbe  Rive  believed  to  be  on  the  skin  of  a  woman. 
When  the  Egyptian  papyrus  was  introduced,  all  these 
things  fell  into  disuse,  except  parchment,  which  is 
still  preferred  for  certain  purposes. 

The  first  successful  attempt  to  manufacture  an  ar- 
ticle resembling  modern  paper,  so  far  as  we  know, 
was  made  in  Egypt  at  a  very  remote  time.  An 


6 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


aquatic  plant,  known  to  us  as  papyrus,  having  a  soft 
cellular  flower-stem,  afforded  the  material.  The  stem 
of  the  plant  grew  from  ten  to  twenty  feet  high,  of  a 
triangular  shape,  from  the  thin  coats  or  pellicles  of 
which  the  paper  was  made.  These  were  separated 
by  means  of  a  pin,  or  pointed  muscle-shells,  and 
spread  on  a  table  sprinkled  with  Nile  water,  in  such 
a  form  as  the  size  of  the  sheets  required,  and  washed 
over  with  the  same.  On  the  first  layer  of  these  slips, 
a  second  was  placed  cross-wise,  so  as  to  form  a  sheet 
of  convenient  thickness,  which,  after  being  pressed 
and  dried  in  the  sun,  was  polished  with  a  shell  or  other 
hard  and  smooth  substance.  Twenty  sheets  was  the 
utmost  that  could  be  separated  from  one  stalk,  and 
those  nearest  the  pith  made  the  finest  paper. 

With  respect  to  the  time  when  this  paper  was  in- 
vented, there  are  different  opinions.  Some  authors 
have  attempted  to  prove  its  antiquity  from  the  earliest 
Greek  writers  \  while  Varro  states  that  the  invention 
was  unknown  in  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
about  four  hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
But  Herodotus,  who  lived  nearly  a  century  earlier 
than  Alexander,  testifies  that  it  was  an  article  of  com- 
merce and  a  material  for  writing  long  before  his  time. 
The  Romans  at  a  later  day  improved  upon  the  papyrus 
made  by  the  Egyptians ;  they  sized  it  in  a  similar 
manner  to  that  pursued  with  rag-paper,  making  their 
size  of  the  finest  flour.  The  paper  of  the  Romans 
was  very  white  ;  that  of  the  Egyptians  of  a  yellowish 
or  brown  tinge. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  7 

The  Egyptian  paper  was  manufactured  in  Alexan- 
dria and  other  cities  of  Egypt  in  such  large  quantities 
that  one  individual  boasted  of  the  possession  of  so 
much  paper  that  its  revenue  would  maintain  a  numer- 
ous army.  Alexandria  was  for  a  long  time  solely  in 
the  enjoyment  of  this  manufacture,  and  acquired  im- 
mense riches  by  it.  Europe  and  Asia  were  supplied 
therefrom  during  several  centuries.  The  commerce  of 
Egyptian  paper  was  flourishing  in  the  third,  and  con- 
tinued to  the  fifth  century,  when  Theodoric  abolished 
the  impost  upon  it  in  Italy,  where  it  was  still  used 
occasionally  until  the  eleventh  century  ;  at  which  time 
the  use  of  parchment,  and  paper  made  of  cotton,  su- 
perseded it. 

The  art  of  making  paper  from  fibrous  matter  re- 
duced to  a  pulp  in  water,  appears  to  have  been  first 
discovered  by  the  Chinese  about  eighteen  hundred 
years  ago.  The  Chinese  paper  is  commonly  supposed 
to  be  made  of  silk  ;  but  silk  alone  can  not  be  reduced 
to  a  pulp  suitable  for  making  paper.  Refuse  silk  is 
said  to  be  occasionally  used  with  other  ingredients, 
but  the  greater  part  of  the  Chinese  paper  is  made  from 
the  inner  bark  of  the  bamboo  and  mulberry  tree, 
hempen  rags,  &c.  The  latter  are  prepared  for  paper 
by  being  cut  and  well  washed  in  tanks.  They  are 
then  bleached  and  dried  ;  in  twelve  days  they  are  con- 
verted into  a  pulp,  which  is  then  made  into  balls  of 
about  four  pounds  weight.  „  These  are  afterwards  satu- 
rated with  water,  and  made  into  paper  on  a  frame  of 
fine  reeds  ;  and  are  dried  by  being  pressed  under  large 


8 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


stones.  A  second  drying  operation  is  performed  by 
fastening  the  sheets  on  the  walls  of  a  room.  The 
sheets  are  then  coated  with  gum  size,  and  polished 
with  stones.  They  also  make  paper  from  cotton  and 
linen  rags,  and  a  coarse  yellow  sort  from  rice  straw, 
which  is  used  for  wrapping.  They  are  enabled  to 
make  sheets  of  a  large  size,  the  mould  on  which  the 
pulp  is  made  into  paper  being  sometimes  ten  or  twelve 
feet  long,  and  very  wide,  and  managed  by  means  of 
pulleys.  The  article  popularly  known  as  Chinese  rice 
paper,  is  prepared  from  the  pith  of  a  plant,  which  is 
cut  spirally  into  a  thin  slice,  and  when  spread  out  and 
compressed,  forms  a  light  and  fragile  sheet,  some- 
times a  foot  in  length,  and  five  or  six  inches  in  breadth. 

The  Japanese  prepare  paper  from  the  mulberry  as 
follows:  in  the  month  of  December  the  twigs  are 
cut  into  lengths,  not  exceeding  thirty  inches,  and  put 
together  in  bundles.  These  fagots  are  then  placed 
upright  in  a  large  vessel  containing  an  alkaline  ley, 
and  boiled  till  the  bark  shrinks  so  as  to  allow  about 
a  half  an  inch  of  the  wood  to  appear  free  at  the  top. 
After  they  are  thus  boiled,  they  are  exposed  to  a  cool 
atmosphere,  when  the  bark  is  stripped  from  the  wood 
and  dried,  and  laid  away  for  future  use.  When  a 
sufficient  quantity  has  been  thus  collected,  it  is  soaked 
in  water  three  or  four  days,  when  a  blackish  skin  which 
covered  it  is  scraped  off*.  At  the  same  time  also  the 
stronger  bark,  which  is  of  a  full  year's  growth,  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  thinner,  which  covered  the  younger 
branches,  and  which  yields  the  best  and  whitest  paper. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making. 


After  it  has  been  sufficiently  cleansed  out  and  sepa- 
rated, it  must  be  boiled  in  a  clear  ley,  and  if  stirred 
frequently,  it  soon  becomes  of  a  suitable  nature. 

It  is  then  washed,  a  process  requiring  much  atten- 
tion and  great  skill  and  judgment  ;  for,  if  it  be  not 
washed  long  enough,  the  paper,  although  strong  and 
of  good  body,  will  be  coarse  and  of  little  value ;  if 
washed  too  long,  it  will  afford  a  white  paper,  but  will 
be  spongy  and  unfit  for  writing  upon.  Having  been 
washed  until  it  becomes  a  soft  and  woolly  pulp,  it  is 
spread  upon  a  table  and  beat  fine  with  a  mallet.  It 
is  then  put  into  a  tub  with  an  infusion  of  rice  and 
breni  root,  when  the  whole  is  stirred  until  the  ingre- 
dients are  thoroughly  mixed  in  a  mass  of  proper  con- 
sistence. The  moulds  on  which  sheets  are  formed 
are  made  of  reeds  cut  into  narrow  strips,  instead  of 
wire,  and  the  process  of  dipping  is  like  that  of  other 
countries.  After  being  allowed  to  remain  a  short  time 
in  heaps,  under  a  slight  pressure,  the  sheets  are  ex- 
posed to  the  sun,  by  which  they  are  properly  dried. 
Among  the  remarkable  uses  to  which  they  put  the 
article  of  paper,  may  be  mentioned  that  of  water-proot 
clothing. 

The  ancient  Mexicans  also,  were  found  to  have 
a  kind  of  paper  prepared  from  the  maguey  plant,  or 
American  aloe,  the  product  of  which  resembled  the 
papyrus  of  the  Egyptians,  and  took  ink  and  color  well. 

The  Arabians,  in  the  seventh  century,  appear  to  have 
either  discovered,  or  to  have  learned  from  the  Chinese 
or  Hindoos,  quite  likely  from  the  latter,  the  art  of 


io  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

making  paper  from  cotton  ;  for  it  is  known  that  a 
manufactory  of  such  paper  was  established  at  Samar- 
cand  about  the  year  706  a.d.  The  Arabians  seem 
to  have  carried  the  art  to  Spain,  and  to  have  there  made 
paper  from  linen  and  hemp  as  well  as  from  cotton. 

The  art  of  manufacturing  paper  from  cotton  is  sup- 
posed to  have  found  its  way  into  Europe  in  the  eleventh 
century.  The  first  paper  of  that  kind  was  made  of 
raw  cotton  ;  but  its  manufacture  was  by  the  Arabians 
extended  to  old  worn-out  cotton,  and  even  to  the 
smallest  pieces  it  is  said.  But  as  there  are  cotton- 
plants  of  various  kinds,  it  was  natural  that  they  should 
produce  papers  of  different  qualities  ;  and  it  was  impos- 
sible to  unite  their  woolly  particles  so  firmly  as  to  form 
a  strong  substantial  paper,  for  want  of  sufficient  skill 
and  proper  machinery,  using,  as  they  did,  mortars  and 
rude  horse  mills.  The  Greeks,  it  is  said,  made  use  of 
cotton  paper  before  the  Latins.  It  came  into  Germany 
through  Venice,  and  was  called  Greek  parchment. 

The  Moors,  who  were  the  paper-makers  of  Spain, 
having  been  expelled  by  the  Spaniards,  the  latter,  ac- 
quainted with  water-mills,  improved  the  manufacture 
so  as  to  produce  a  paper  from  cotton  nearly  equal  to 
that  made  of  linen  rags. 

It  is  not  known  when  cotton  paper  was  introduced 
into  England,  but  it  appears  that  its  use  continued 
until  the  latter  part  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when  it 
was  gradually  supplanted  by  linen  paper,  which  began 
to  be  used  in  1342. 

Paper  manufactures  early  became  a  very  flourishing 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.    1 1 

product  in  France,  and  the  paper-makers  in  that  coun- 
try soon  excelled  their  neighbors  in  the  art,  and  were 
therefore  enabled  to  export  considerable  quantities, 
which  increased  so  much  yearly,  that  in  1658  two 
millions  francs  in  value  was  exported  to  Holland  alone  ; 
and  it  provided  Spain,  England,  Switzerland,  Den- 
mark, Sweden,  Russia,  but  chiefly  Holland,  and  the 
Levant,  with  paper  for  printing  and  writing  ;  and  as 
late  as  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  twenty- 
five  thousand  reams  were  annually  exported  to  Swit- 
zerland and  Germany.  But  at  this  time  the  art  of 
paper-making  had  arrived  at  a  great  degree  of  perfec- 
tion in  England  and  Holland,  whereby  the  export 
from  France  was  so  much  reduced,  that,  of  four  hun- 
dred paper-mills  in  two  provinces,  three  hundred  were 
discontinued. 

Peter  the  Great,  of  Russia,  visited  the  paper-mill  at 
Dresden,  in  1712,  and  was  so  much  pleased  with  the 
art,  that  he  engaged  paper-makers  whom  he  sent  to 
Moscow,  to  establish  a  paper-mill  at  his  own  expense. 

The  first  paper-mill  of  which  we  have  found  any 
account  in  America,  was  that  of  William  Ritting- 
huysen,  at  Roxborough,  near  Philadelphia,  in  1690, 
on  a  stream  still  called  Paper-mill  run. 

In  the  manufacture  of  paper,  any  fibrous  vegetable 
substance  may  be  used.  Wood  and  straw  are  much 
employed,  but  the  process  of  manufacture  was  for  a 
long  time  found  too  difficult  and  expensive,  except  for 
newspapers,  and  other  coarse  qualities. 

Although  a  French  paper-maker  claimed  to  have 


12  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


obviated,  by  the  aid  of  chemistry,  all  difficulties  in  the 
use  of  straw,  and  the  experiments  of  Mr.  Beardslee 
of  Albany,  were  so  far  successful  a  few  years  since  as 
to  lead  many  to  hope  for  an  economical  mode  of  con- 
verting the  forests  into  paper  to  supply  the  all-devour- 
ing maw  of  the  press,  yet  it  is  still  thought  that  we 
shall  never  find  anything  to  answer  the  purpose  so 
well  as  linen  and  cotton  rags.  The  Chinese  employ  a 
vast  number  of  fibrous  substances  for  this  manufacture, 
and  apply  paper  to  a  variety  of  usesjiittle  thought  of 
in  other  countries.  But  if,  as  is  foreshadowed,  we 
come  to  construct  houses  and  ships  from  this  material, 
they  will  in  turn  wonder  at  us,  no  doubt. 

In  all  kinds  of  paper-making,  whether  from  the  bark 
of  trees  or  other  fibrous  matter,  or  from  rags,  the 
general  process  is  the  same.  The  fibrous  material  is 
cut  and  bruised  in  water  till  it  is  separated  into  fine 
and  short  filaments,  and  becomes  a  sort  of  pulp.  This 
pulp  is  taken  up  in  a  thin  and  even  layer  upon  a  mould 
of  wire-cloth,  or  something  similar,  which  allows  the 
water  to  drain  off,  but  retains  the  fibrous  matter,  the 
filaments  of  which  are,  by  the  process  of  reduction  to 
pulp,  and  subsequent  drying  and  pressing,  so  inter- 
woven and  fitted  together,  that  they  cannot  be  sepa- 
rated without  tearing,  and  thus  form  paper. 

But  the  manufacture  of  paper,  though  an  interesting 
process  to  witness,  is  difficult  to  describe  intelligibly. 
Under  the  article  Paper,  the  whole  subject  is 
briefly  but  comprehensively  treated  in  Appleton's 
American  Cyclopedia.    Like  the  art  of  printing,  paper 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  13 

making  has  undergone  a  wonderful  change  within 
the  last  half  century,  calling  into  use  immense  steam 
and  water  power,  and  ponderous  machinery,  that 
consume  the  cast-off  habiliments  of  the  population 
of  the  whole  world,  and  now  require  other  material 
for  consumption,  to  keep  pace  with  the  demand 
for  their  fabrics. 


BABYLONIAN,  OR  CHALDEAN  BRICK. 

impressing  characters  in  clay,  on  a  cylinder,  which 
afterwards  baked  hard  for  preserving  records. 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  PAPER. 


o  $ttftf^|tf|}UMA,  who  lived  three  hundred  years 


perhaps  the  earliest  mention  of  the  use  of  that  sub- 
stance. Unfortunately  for  the  fact,  the  critics  have 
abolished  Numa. 

600  b.  c.  Manufactories  of  Egyptian  paper  from 
papyrus,  are  supposed  to  have  existed  at  Memphis. 
But  papyrus  manuscripts  are  found  in  the  catacombs, 
apparently  several  thousand  years  old. 

500  b.  c.  In  Confucius's  time  the  Chinese  were 
innocent  of  ink  and  paper  in  the  proper  sense  of  the 
terms ;  their  ink  then  being  a  sort  of  paint,  their 
paper  bamboo  tablets,  and  their  pen  simply  a  short 
pointed  stick. 

440  b.  c.  Herodotus  alludes  to  the  general  use  of 
parchment  among  the  Ionians  at  this  time,  under  the 
term  of  sheep  and  goat  skins. 

300  b.  c.  For  at  least  three  hundred  years  before 
Christ,  papyrus  was  exported  in  large  quantities  from 


c. 


Egypt. 


1 6  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

270  b.  c.  The  Jewish  elders,  by  order  of  the  high 
priest,  carried  a  copy  of  the  law  to  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phia, in  letters  of  gold  upon  skins,  the  pieces  of  which 
were  so  artfully  united  that  the  joinings  did  not  appear. 

216  B.  c.  Pliny  expresses  the  opinion  in  his  Natu- 
ral History,  xix,  7,  that  spartum  was  first  brought 
into  Spain  from  Africa  by  the  Carthaginians  under 
Hannibal.  Livy  says  that  Hannibal  stored  vast  quan- 
tities for  various  purposes. 

200  b.  c.  A  better  method  of  dressing  parchment 
was  found  at  Pergamus  about  this  time,  which  led  to 
the  supposition  that  parchment  was  invented  there, 
and  hence  derived  its  name. 

15  a.  d.  About  this  time,  during  the  reign  of 
Tiberius,  a  popular  commotion  arose  in  consequence 
of  the  scarcity  of  papyrus  \  the  commerce  in  which 
had  flourished  a  long  time,  but  the  supply  seems  to 
have  been  always  less  than  the  demand. 

79.  Herculaneum  was  overwhelmed,  a  city  so 
obscure  that  very  little  account  has  been  given  of  it 
by  ancient  writers  ;  yet  eighteen  hundred  manuscripts 
on  papyrus  have  been  taken  from  its  ruins. 

95.  Du  Halde  says  it  was  in  this  year  that  a  man- 
darin of  the  palace  manufactured  paper  of  the  bark  of 
different  trees,  and  old  rags  of  silk  and  hemp.  During 
this  century  they  are  said  to  have  made  sheets  of  paper 
ten  or  twelve  feet  long,  of  the  inner  bark  of  the  bamboo. 

280.  The  Japanese  wrote  upon  silk  faced  with 
linen,  and  also  used  very  thin  wood  shavings.  About 
this  time  paper  was  first  imported  from  the  Corea, 
which  superseded  those  fabrics. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  17 

284.  The  Romans  sent  to  China  a  present  of  30,000 
sheets  of  strong  brownish  paper,  made  of  tree  bark. 
The  Chinese  are  said  to  have  improved  upon  the 
Roman  hint,  and  subsequently  brought  their  paper 
manufacture  to  a  greatly  improved  state. 

290.  About  this  time  the  value  of  papyrus  was  so 
great  that  when  Firmus,  a  rich  and  ambitious  merchant 
striving  at  empire,  conquered  for  a  brief  period  the 
city  of  Alexandria,  he  boasted  that  he  had  seized  as 
much  paper  and  size  as  would  support  his  whole  army. 

450.  Proteaux  says  that  a  thick  card  or  card-like 
paper  came  in  use  during  the  fifth  century,  when  the 
manufacture  of  papyrus  was  declining. —  De  Vinne's 
Invention  of  Printing,  p.  136. 

500.  About  this  time  Theodoric  abolished  the  duty 
on  papyrus,  which  contributed  to  the  revenue  of  the 
Roman  empire,  and  fresh  imposts  had  been  laid  upon 
it  by  successive  rulers,  until  they  became  oppressive. 
Cassiodorus  congratulates  "  the  whole  world  on  the 
repeal  of  the  impost  on  an  article  so  essentially  neces- 
sary to  the  human  race,"  "the  general  use  of  which," 
as  Pliny  says,  "  polishes  and  immortalizes  man." 

572.  There  is  a  manuscript  in  the  British  Museum, 
which  appears  to  have  been  written  at  this  time  upon 
a  roll  of  papyrus  eight  feet  and  a  half  long-,  and  twelve 
inches  wide.  The  longest  specimen  of  papyrus 
known  is  the  one  at  Paris,  measuring  thirty  feet. 

600.  About  this  time  paper  made  of  bark  was  used 
by  the  Longobards,  for  the  imperial  protocols,  in  order 
to  render  the  forging  of  diplomas  more  difficult. 


1 8  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

610.  Two  priests  were  introduced  into  Japan  from 
the  Corea,  to  establish  the  manufacture  of  paper  ;  but 
the  fabric  of  the  Coreans  being  imperfect,  the  use  of 
mulberry  bark  was  devised  by  Taishi,  and  became  a 
most  prosperous  industry. 

648.  There  was  a  manufactory  of  paper  at  Samar- 
cand,  similar  to  that  which  had  long  been  made  by 
the  Chinese. 

650.  The  Saracens  having  become  masters  of 
Egypt,  the  intercourse  with  Rome  was  so  much  in- 
terrupted that  the  supply  of  papyrus  became  scanty 
and  precarious.  Previously  to  that  event,  all  public 
records  had  been  executed  on  papyrus,  while  it  is 
found  that  at  a  date  immediately  subsequent  parchment 
was  substituted. 

704.  The  Arabians  are  supposed  to  have  acquired 
the  knowledge  of  making  paper  of  cotton,  by  their 
conquests  in  Tartary. 

706.  Casiri,  a  Spanish  author,  attributes  the  inven- 
tion of  cotton  paper  to  Joseph  Amru,  in  this  year,  at 
Mecca  ;  but  it  is  well  known  that  the  Chinese  and 
Persians  were  acquainted  with  its  manufacture  before 
this  period. 

900.  The  bulls  of  the  popes  in  the  eighth  and  ninth 
centuries  were  written  upon  cotton  paper. 

goo.  Montfaucon,  who  on  account  of  his  diligence 
and  the  extent  of  his  researches  is  great  authority,  at- 
tempted to  show  that  charta  bombycine,  cotton  paper, 
was  discovered  in  the  empire  of  the  east  toward  the 
end  of  the  ninth  or  beginning  of  the  tenth  century. 
But  see  706. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  19 

1007.  The  plenarium,  or  inventory,  of  the  treasure 
of  the  church  of  Sandersheim,  is  written  upon  paper 
of  cotton,  bearing  this  date. 

1049.  The  oldest  manuscript  in  England  written 
upon  cotton  paper,  is  in  the  Bodleian  collection  of  the 
British  Museum,  having  this  date. 

1050.  The  most  ancient  manuscript  on  cotton 
paper,  that  has  been  discovered  in  the  Royal  Library 
at  Paris  having  a  date,  bears  record  of  this  year. 

1085.  The  Christian  successors  of  Moorish  paper- 
makers  at  Toledo  in  Spain,  worked  the  paper  mills  to 
better  advantage  than  their  predecessors.  Instead  of 
manufacturing  paper  of  raw  cotton,  which  is  easily 
recognized  by  its  yellowness  and  brittleness,  they  made 
it  of  rags,  in  moulds  through  which  the  water  ran  off  \ 
for  this  reason  it  was  called  parchment  cloth. 

I IOO.  The  Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  in  Arabic,  the 
manuscript  of  which  bears  this  date,  has  been  pro- 
nounced the  oldest  specimen  of  linen  paper  that  has 
come  to  light. 

1 100.  Arabic  manuscripts  were  at  this  time  written 
on  satin  paper,  and  embellished  with  a  quantity  of 
ornamental  work,  painted  in  such  gay  and  resplendent 
colors  that  the  reader  might  behold  his  face  reflected 
as  if  from  a  mirror. 

1 100.  There  was  a  diploma  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily, 
dated  1145,  in  which  he  says  that  he  had  renewed  on 
parchment  a  charter  that  had  been  written  on  cotton 
paper  in  1 100. 

1 102.  The  king  of  Sicily  appears  to  have  accorded 


20  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

a  diploma  to  an  ancient  family  of  paper-makers  who 
had  established  a  manufactory  in  that  island,  where 
cotton  was  indigenous,  and  this  has  been  thought  to 
point  to  the  origin  of  cotton  paper,  quite  erroneously. 

1 1 20.  Peter  the  Venerable,  abbot  of  Clum,  who 
flourished  about  this  time,  declared  that  paper  from 
linen  rags  was  in  use  in  his  day. 

1 1 50.  Edrisi,  who  wrote  at  this  time,  tells  us  that  the 
paper  made  at  Xativa,  an  ancient  city  of  Valencia,  was 
excellent,  and  was  exported  to  countries  east  and  west. 

1 15 1.  An  Arabian  author  certifies  that  very  fine 
white  cotton  paper  was  manufactured  in  Spain,  and 
Cacim  aben  Hegi  assures  us  that  the  best  was  made 
at  Xativa.  The  Spaniards  being  acquainted  with 
water-mills,  improved  upon  the  Moorish  method  of 
grinding  the  raw  cotton  and  rags  \  and  by  stamping 
the  latter  in  the  mill,  they  produced  a  better  pulp  than 
from  raw  cotton,  by  which  various  sorts  of  paper 
were  manufactured,  nearly  equal  to  those  made  from 
linen  rags. 

1 153.  Petrus  Mauritius,  who  died  in  this  year,  has 
the  following  passage  on  paper  in  his  Treatise  against 
the  Jews :  u  The  books  we  read  every  day  are  made 
of  sheep,  goat,  or  calf  skin  ;  or  of  oriental  plants,  that 
is,  the  papyrus  of  Egypt ;  or  of  rags  (ex  rasauris  veterum 
pannoruni)"  supposed  to  allude  to  modern  paper. 

1 1 70.  The  time  when  papyrus  wholly  ceased  to  be 
used  is  not  certainly  known  ;  but  Eustathius,  the  scho- 
liast on  Homer,  says  it  was  disused  before  this  time. 

1 178.  A  Treaty  of  peace  between  the  kings  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.    2 1 

Aragon  and  Castile,  is  the  oldest  specimen  of  linen 
paper  used  in  Spain  with  a  date.  It  is  supposed  that 
the  Moors,  on  their  settlement  in  Spain,  where  cotton 
was  scarce,  made  paper  of  hemp  and  flax.  The  in- 
ventor of  linen-rag  paper,  whoever  he  was,  is  entitled 
to  the  gratitude  of  posterity. 

1200.  Casiri  positively  affirms  that  there  are  manu- 
scripts in  the  Escurial  palace  near  Madrid,  upon  both 
cotton  and  hemp  paper,  written  prior  to  this  time. 

1 22 1.  Frederic  II  of  Germany,  in  consideration  of 
the  bad  quality  of  paper  made  of  cotton,  its  subjection 
to  humidity,  to  alteration,  and  other  defects,  issued  an 
order,  nullifying  all  public  acts  which  should  be  upon 
cotton  paper,  allowing  two  years  to  transcribe  upon 
parchment  all  such  as  then  existed. 

1239.  One  of  the  earliest  specimens  of  paper  from 
linen  rags,  which  has  yet  been  discovered,  is  a  docu- 
ment, with  the  seals  preserved,  of  this  date,  and 
signed  by  Adolphus,  count  of  Schaumburg.  It  is  pre- 
served in  the  university  of  Rinteln  in  Germany,  and 
establishes  the  fact  beyond  dispute  that  linen  paper 
was  already  in  use  in  Germany. 

1 190.  The  oldest  specimens  of  paper  documents  at 
Paris  are  said  to  be  bonds  given  to  Jews  by  the  chiefs 
of  Richard  I  of  England,  to  aid  the  crusade  of  that 
monarch. 

1270.  By  far  the  oldest  manuscript  written  in 
France  upon  modern  paper,  is  a  letter  from  Joinville 
to  St.  Louis,  which  bears  date  a  short  time  before  the 
death  of  that  monarch  in  1270. 


22  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1270.  Notwithstanding  the  most  diligent  search  of 
the  learned  antiquary  Montfaucon,  both  in  France  and 
Italy,  he  could  find  no  book  nor  leaf  of  paper  made 
of  linen  rags,  before  this  year ;  whence  it  was  con- 
cluded that  there  was  no  hope  of  finding  an  exact 
date  to  the  invention. 

1280.  At  this  time  very  little  use  was  made  of 
Egyptian  paper  for  diplomas,  in  England  and  Germany, 
but  parchment  was  the  universal  substitute  ;  and  yet 
no  map  of  parchment  made  before  the  sixth  century 
is  known  to  have  been  discovered. 

1290.  The  first  paper  mill  in  Germany  is  said  to 
have  been  constructed  at  Ravensburg.  [Is  this  a 
misprint  of  Regensburg,  now  Ratisbon  ?] 

1308.  Meerman  satisfied  himself  that  linen  paper 
was  used  in  Germany  at  this  time,  but  was  not  able 
to  decide  in  what  country  its  invention  originated. 

131 1.  No  other  than  Egyptian  papyrus  and  cotton 
paper,  it  is  asserted,  was  known  in  France  before  this 
time ;  although  a  letter  is  produced  which  is  claimed 
to  be  linen  paper,  written  before  1270.    (See  1270.) 

1 3 14.  The  earliest  undisputed  French  manuscript 
on  linen  paper  is  of  this  date,  but  it  is  not  conclusive 
that  it  was  fabricated  in  France. 

1318.  In  Deutschland  kommt  leinenes  Papier  vor 
1318  schwerlich  vor  ;  von  diesem  Jahre  aber  hat  das 
Archiv  des  Hospitals  Kauf  beuern  Urkunden  auf 
lienenem  Papier  aufzuzeigen. —  Conversations-Lexikon. 

1 3 19.  Linen  paper  is  said  to  have  been  found  at 
Nuremberg  by  Von  Murr  of  this  date.    (See  1342.) 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  23 

1320.  The  earliest  English  manuscript  on  linen 
paper  with  a  date  that  has  been  discovered  is  of  the 
fourteenth  year  of  Edward  III. 

1330.  The  construction  of  the  first  paper  mill  in 
Italy  is  placed  in  this  year. 

1330.  Mr.  Hunter,  of  the  London  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, could  find  no  water  mark  in  specimens  of 
paper  which  he  had  investigated  from  1302  to  this 
date.  His  researches  were  among  account  books  ren- 
dered to  the  English  exchequer  by  officers  employed 
in  Aquitaine,  and  in  the  public  archives  of  England, 
by  which  he  determined  that  the  earliest  paper  used 
was  all  foreign,  and  without  any  manufacturer's  sym- 
bol. In  a  book  of  accounts  of  the  constable  of  Bor- 
deaux, of  this  date,  he  discovered  the  first  mark,  which 
was  a  ram's  face. 

1338.  Peter  II  of  Valencia,  issued  a  command  to 
the  paper-makers  at  Valencia  and  Xativa,  under  pain 
of  punishment,  to  manufacture  better  paper,  which 
was  to  be  equal  to  that  formerly  made  \  showing  that 
the  manufacture  had  degenerated. 

1339.  From  a  piece  of  very  coarse  cotton  paper, 
bearing  this  date,  in  the  possession  of  Meerman,  who 
wrote  about  1760,  he  argues  that  the  art  of  paper- 
making  was  still  neglected  by  the  Spaniards,  and  that 
prior  to  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century  no  linen 
paper  had  been  manufactured  in  that  country,  yet  the 
connoisseurs  of  Spain  still  persist  in  terming  it  linen 
paper. 

1 340.  Tiraboschi,  in  his  history  of  Italian  literature, 


24  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


places  the  establishment  of  paper-making  at  Padua  in 
this  year,  deriving  his  authority  from  a  passage  of  the 
ancient  history  of  that  city  by  Cortusius. 

1340.  Peignot  says  it  was  about  this  time  that  the 
manufacture  of  paper  was  established  in  France,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Troyes  and  Essonne,  Lombardy 
furnished  paper  to  the  French  before  this  time. 

1342.  It  has  been  claimed  that  the  earliest  manu- 
script in  England  on  linen  paper  has  the  above  date 
(see  1320).  In  the  Cottonian  Library  of  the  British 
Museum,  it  is  said  there  are  several  writings  on  this 
kind  of  paper,  as  early  as  the  year  1335.  Linen  paper 
gradually  supplanted  that  made  of  cotton. 

1342.  The  Royal  Society  of  Gottingen  adjudged  to 
John  Daniel  Fladd  a  prize  medal  of  twenty-five  ducats 
for  the  discovery  of  the  most  ancient  linen  paper, 
which  bears  this  date.  It  is  claimed  that  earlier  speci- 
mens have  been  found.    (See  13 19.) 

1350.  There  was  a  large  manufactory  of  paper  at 
Fabbriano  in  Italy,  which,  according  to  the  description 
of  Bartolus,  had  been  long  established,  and  enlarged 
from  time  to  time,  till  it  consisted  of  several  mills 
belonging  to  different  persons,  although  the  whole 
formed  only  one  manufactory  of  cotton  paper. 

1350.  Although  cotton  paper  was  early  introduced 
into  Germany,  and  at  the  commencement  of  the  ninth 
century  was  known  under  the  name  of  Greek  parch- 
ment, and  although  cotton  and  flax  were  spun  and 
wove  in  that  country  in  the  tenth  century,  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  can  not  be  traced  beyond  the  middle 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  25 

of  the  fourteenth  century,  when  it  was  made  by  stamp- 
ing mills. 

1352.  Date  of  a  bill  which  reads  thus:  "To 
George  Cosyn,  for  one  quartern  of  royal  paper,  to 
make  painters'  patterns,  icW." 

1356.  The  first  paper  mill  in  Austria,  established 
for  producing  paper  from  linen  rags,  was  erected  at 
Leesdorf,  near  Baden.  This  place  now  (1874),  pro- 
duces the  best  paper  machines.  [By  a  transposition 
of  figures,  apparently  this  date  has  been  given  as  1 536.] 

1360.  Ulman  Stromer  began  to  write  at  Nurem- 
berg the  first  work  ever  published  on  paper-making. 

1360.  The  Paper  Trade  Journal  of  Jan.  15,  1874, 
states  that  the  manufacture  of  paper  in  France  was. 
begun  this  year, 

1366.  The  senate  of  Venice  granted  an  exclusive 
privilege  to  the  paper-mill  at  Treviso,  that  no  linen- 
paper  shavings  or  offal  should  be  exported  from  Venice 
than  for  the  use  of  that  mill.  This  would  seem  to 
show  that  linen  paper  was  already  in  use  there. 

1367.  It  is  thought  that  there  was  no  linen  paper 
used  in  Italy  before  this  time.  The  knowledge  of 
cotton  paper  came  by  means  of  the  Greeks  to  Italy  ; 
and  the  art  of  making  it  in  Sicily,  through  the  inva- 
sion of  the  Saracens. 

1367.  A  document  of  a  notary  of  this  date  proves 
the  use  of  linen  paper  in  Italy  ;  and  Maffei  states  that 
he  possessed  a  family  manuscript  of  linen  paper  of  the 
same  date,  and  he  therefore  attempts  to  appropriate 
the  invention  of  linen  paper  to  Italy. 
3 


26  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1376.  Du  Cange  cites  the  following  lines  from  a 
French  metrical  romance  written  about  this  time,  to 
show  that  waxen  tablets  continued  to  be  occasionally 
used  till  a  late  period : 

Some  with  antiquated  style 

In  waxen  tablets  promptly  write ; 

Others  with  finer  pen,  the  while 
Form  letters  lovelier  to  the  sight. 

There  are  many  ample  and  authentic  records  of  the 
royal  household  of  France,  of  the  thirteenth  and  four- 
teenth centuries,  still  preserved,  written  upon  waxen 
tablets. 

1377.  A  charter  of  this  date,  given  at  Fabbriano  in 
Italy,  relates  to  the  lease  of  a  mill  with  a  waterfall, 
ad  faciendas  cartas.  It  was  from  the  mills  of  this  place 
that  Bodoni,  at  the  commencement  of  the  present  cent- 
ury, obtained  the  paper  for  his  beautiful  editions. 

1390.  Ulman  Stromer  established  a  large  paper  mill 
at  Nuremberg,  where  were  many  Italian  workmen. 
He  employed  two  rollers,  which  set  eighteen  stampers 
in  motion  ;  but  when  he  would  add  another  roller,  he 
was  opposed  by  the  Italians  whom  he  employed,  who 
would  not  consent  to  the  enlarging  of  his  manufac- 
ture ;  but  they  were  imprisoned  by  the  magistrates, 
when  they  submitted,  renewing  their  oaths.  He  died 
in  1407.  This  is  the  first  mill  known  to  have  been 
erected  in  Germany,  which  is  said  to  have  made  the 
first  paper  from  rags  in  Europe.  But  see  1350, 
1366,  etc. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  27 

1400.  There  were  paper-mills  at  Colle  in  Tuscany, 
which  were  moved  by  water  power. 

1450.  It  is  said  that  copies  of  the  Bible  printed  upon 
parchment,  by  Gutenberg  of  this  date,  are  found  at 
Berlin,  Brunswick,  St.  Blaise  Monastery,  and  Paris, 
in  three  volumes,  folio.  This  was  possibly  the  first 
printed  Bible,  instead  of  the  one  known  as  the 
Mazarine  Bible,  of  2  vols. 

1453.  After  the  fall  of  Constantinople  some  Greeks 
established  a  manufactory  at  Basle,  in  Switzerland. 

1468.  An  edict  of  Charles  VIII  attests  that  there 
were  manufactories  of  paper  at  Troyes,  Corbeil,  and 
Essonne. 

1470.  We  have  the  authority  of  the  Paper  Trade 
Journal,  that  the  first  paper  mill  in  Switzerland  was 
erected  this  vear. 

1471.  Sweynheim  and  Pannartz,  in  a  petition  to 
the  pope  for  assistance,  informed  him  that  the  number 
of  books  they  had  printed  and  which  remained  on  their 
hands  was  so  great  that  he  would  admire  how  and 
where  they  could  have  procured  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  paper,  or  even  rags,  for  such  a  number  of  volumes, 
which  amounted  to  12,475.  This  would  probably 
have  required  about  1250  reams. 

1498.  An  entry  has  been  found  in  the  privy  purse 
expenses  of  Henry  VII,  as  follows  :  "  For  a  rewarde 
yeven  at  the  paper  mylne,  i6j-.  %d."  which  establishes 
the  fact  that  a  paper  mill  preceded  that  of  Spilman 
nearly  a  century,  and  was  probably  the  mill  mentioned 
below. 


28  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1498.  In  Wynken  de  Worde's  edition  De  Proprie- 
tatibus  Rerum,  it  is  stated  that  the  paper  was  made  by 
John  Tate  the  younger,  in  these  quaint  lines : 

"  And  John  Tate  the  younger  Joye  mote  he  broke, 
Whiche  late  hathe  in  Englond  doo  make  this  paper  thynne, 
That  now  in  our  englyssh  this  book  is  prynted  Inne." 

This  mill  was  at  Hartford.  The  water-mark  he  used 
was  an  eight-pointed  star  within  a  double  circle.  A 
print  of  it  is  given  in  Herbert's  Typ.  Antiquities,  i,  200. 

1500.  Paintings  of  this  date  by  Julio  Clavio,  on 
parchment,  are  preserved  in  the  Vatican.  The  art  of 
painting  on  parchment  was  common  before  the  art  of 
painting  with  oil  colors  was  discovered. 

15 14.  John  Tate  died,  who  is  supposed  to  have 
erected  the  first  paper  mill  in  England,  about  1498. 

1539.  An  ancient  water-mark  (erroneously  so 
termed)  of  this  era,  consisted  of  a  hand  with  a  star  at 
the  fingers'  ends,  and  is  supposed  to  have  given  the 
name  to  what  is  still  termed  hand  paper. 

1539.  A  favorite  paper-mark  of  this  time  was  the 
jug  or  pot,  and  is  supposed  to  have  originated  the  term 
pot  paper.  The  fool's  cap  was  of  a  later  date,  and  has 
given  place  in  England  to  the  figure  of  Britannia. 

1 540.  About  this  time  Henry  VIII  of  England,  in 
the  wildness  of  his  hatred  of  the  pope,  used  for  his 
correspondence  a  paper  of  which  the  water-mark  was 
a  hog  with  a  mitre. 

1 552.  Henry  II  of  France  exempted  paper  from  all 
taxes  and  subsidies. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  29 

1558.  Churchyard's  Spark  of  Friendship  was  first 
printed  this  year,  and  mentions  the  paper  mill  of  Spil- 
man,  which  is  often  quoted  as  the  first  paper  mill  in 
England  under  the  date  of  1588,4.  v.    (See  also  1498.) 

1562.  A  work  printed  in  this  year  mentions  a  paper 
mill  at  Fen  Ditton,  near  Cambridge,  England. 

1564.  Charles  IX  of  France  having  put  an  impost 
upon  paper,  the  university  brought  the  subject  before 
the  parliament,  when  Montholon  and  De  Thou  advo- 
cated the  abolition  of  the  tax,  and  the  university  gained 
its  cause. 

1565.  Charles  IX  of  France,  at  the  remonstrance 
of  the  university  and  the  decision  of  the  parliament, 
abolished  the  duty  which  he  had  laid  upon  paper. 

1588.  Nicholas,  in  his  Progresses  of  ^hteen  Elizabeth, 
gives  a  poem  with  the  following  title  *  A  Description 
and  Playne  Discourse  of  Paper,  and  the  whole  Benefits 
that  Paper  brings,  with  Rehearsal!,  and  setting  foorth  in 
Verse  a  Paper-myll  built  near  Darthforth,  by  a  high  Ger- 
maine,  called  Master  Spilman,  Jeweller  to  the  ^ueene's 
Majestie.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  second 
paper  mill  in  England,  and  is  often  mentioned  as  the 
first.  It  was  erected  by  a  German  named  Spielman, 
or  Spilman,  in  reward  of  which  he  received  from 
Elizabeth  the  honor  of  knighthood.    (See  1558.) 

1591.  A  document  in  the  Land  Revenue  Records 
of  England,  reads  thus :  "  Fenclifton,  Co.  Cambridge ; 
lease  of  a  water  mill  called  paper  mills,  late  of  the 
bishopric  of  Ely,  to  John  George,  dated  14th  July, 
34th  Eliz."  This  is  evidence  of  a  third  paper  mill  in 
England  at  this  time. 


3<D  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1635.  Under  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII  of  France, 
an  impost  upon  paper  was  established,  but  with  the 
condition  that  the  fermier  should  pay  each  year  the 
sum  of  ten  thousand  livres  to  the  royal  printing  office 
and  the  university  of  Paris. 

1640.  The  manufacture  of  wall  paper  was  begun 
about  this  time ;  as  a  substitute  for  the  ancient  hang- 
ings of  tapestry,  or  cloth,  they  reached  a  high  state  of 
beauty  and  perfection. 

1646.  Athanasius  Kircher,  a  Jesuit  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  boasted  of  having  paper,  among  other 
things,  made  of  asbestos. 

1649.  The  water-mark  of  the  finest  English  paper 
bore  the  royal  arms.  In  order  to  show  contempt  for 
the  king,  Charles  I,  a  fool  with  cap  and  bells  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  arms,  which  gave  the  name  of  foolscap 
to  the  size  of  paper  still  bearing  that  name ;  and 
although  those  emblems  have  been  taken  from  the 
paper,  still  the  paper  of  the  size  which  the  parliament 
ordered  for  their  journals  bears  the  name  and  water- 
mark as  an  indignity  to  Charles  I. 

1652.  Christina  of  Sweden  having  invited  one  of  the 
Jansens  from  Holland  as  a  printer,  granted  him  the 
valuable  privilege  of  importing  all  his  paper  duty  free. 

1654.  Under  Louis  XIV,  the  indemnity  established 
by  his  predecessor  for  the  tax  upon  paper  was  changed 
to  an  exemption  from  duty  of  thirty  thousand  reams 
of  paper,  of  all  qualities  and  fabrics,  of  which  the  dis- 
tribution was  left  to  the  superior  of  the  university. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.    3 1 


1655.  There  were  at  this  early  date  80  mills  within 
a  radius  of  six  leagues  around  Angouleme,  in  France. 

1658.  The  French  paper  makers  produced  fabrics 
so  much  superior  to  those  of  their  neighbors,  and  their 
export  trade  had  become  so  flourishing  in  consequence, 
that  paper  to  the  value  of  two  millions  of  livres  was 
this  year  sent  to  Holland  ;  and  they  provided  Spain, 
England,  Switzerland,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Russia,  but 
chiefly  Holland  and  the  Levant,  with  paper  for  print- 
ing and  writing. 

1 66 1.  Fuller,  writing  of  the  paper  of  his  time,  says 
that  it  partook  in  some  sort  of  the  characters  of  the 
countries  which  made  it ;  the  Venetian  being  subtil, 
neat,  and  court-like ;  the  French  light,  slight  and 
slender,  and  the  Dutch  thick,  corpulent  and  gross, 
sucking  up  the  ink  with  the  sponginess  thereof.  He 
complains  that  the  English  manufactories  were  not 
sufficiently  encouraged,  considering  the  vast  amount 
expended  for  paper  out  of  Italy,  France,  and  Germany. 

1663.  England  imported  from  Holland  alone,  paper 
to  the  amount  of  £  100,000. 

1670.  Post  paper  seems  to  have  derived  its  name 
from  the  post  horn,  which  at  one  time  was  its  distin- 
guishing mark.  It  does  not  appear  to  have  been  used 
prior  to  the  establishment  of  the  general  post  office, 
here  given,  when  it  became  the  custom  to  blow  a  horn, 
to  which  circumstance  its  introduction  is  attributed. 

1670.  The  manufacture  of  paper  was  still  carried 
on  with  so  little  success  in  England,  that  the  deficiency 
of  that  indispensable  fabric  was  imported  from  the 
continent,  and  principally  from  France. 


32  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1678.  At  the  end  of  a  book  with  this  date  is  the 
following  singular  advertisement :  "  To  the  king's 
most  excellent  majesty,  this  book  is  humbly  presented, 
being  printed  upon  English  paper,  and  made  within 
five  miles  of  Windsor,  by  Eustace  Burneby,  Esquire, 
who  was  the  first  Englishman  that  brought  it  into 
England  ;  attested  by  Henry  Million,  who  was  over- 
seer in  the  making  of  this  royal  manufacture."  (See 

1498, 1558, 1588.) 

1685.  The  first  paper  mill  erected  in  Holland,  ac- 
cording to  a  writer  in  the  Paper  Trade  Journal ;  but 
the  date  seems  to  need  investigation. 

1685.  Among  the  French  refugees  who  went  over 
to  England,  were  a  number  of  paper  makers,  who  are 
supposed  to  have  greatly  improved  the  manufacture  in 
the  latter  country. 

1687.  A  proclamation  was  made  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  manufactory  of  white  paper  in  England. 

1688.  It  is  stated  in  the  British  Merchant,  that 
hardly  any  sort  of  paper  except  brown,  was  made  in 
England  previous  to  the  revolution. 

1689.  Edmund  Bohun  says  in  his  Autobiography , 
that  "  paper  became  so  dear,  that  all  printing  stopped, 
almost,  and  the  stationers  did  not  care  to  undertake 
anything." 

1690.  Anderson  states  in  his  History  of  Commerce 
that  it  was  in  this  year  paper  was  first  manufactured 
in  England  (see  1588) ;  and  that  up  to  this  time  Eng- 
land imported  paper  from  France  to  the  amount  of 
£100,000  yearly  ;  but  as  the  war  with  France  occa- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  33 


sioned  very  high  duties  to  be  laid  on  foreign  produc- 
tions, some  French  protestant  refugees  settled  in 
England,  and  introduced  the  manufacture  of  white 
writing  paper. 

1690.  William  Rittinghuysen,  now  spelled  Ritten- 
house,  a  native  of  Broich,  in  Holland,  emigrated  to 
America  and  was  among  the  early  settlers  of  German- 
town,  Pa.  In  the  year  1690,  he  in  company  with 
Wm.  Bradford,  the  printer,  established  a  paper  mill, 
the  first  in  America,  in  Roxborough,  near  Philadelphia, 
on  a  stream  called  Paper-mill  run,  which  empties  into 
the  Wissahickon,  about  two  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  river  Schuylkill.  This  mill  supplied  Brad- 
ford with  paper  while  he  lived  in  Philadelphia,  and 
after  he  settled  in  New  York.  The  paper  was  made 
from  linen  rags,  the  product  of  flax  which  was  raised 
in  the  vicinity,  and  manufactured  into  wearing  apparel. 

1695.  A  company  was.  formed  in  Scotland  "  for 
making  white  writing  and  printing  paper,"  the  articles 
of  which  are  in  the  library  of  the  British  Museum. 

1696.  It  appears  by  a  document  in  the  British 
Museum  entitled  the  Case  of  the  Paper  Traders,  that  a 
bill  was  now  pending  for  levying  20  per  cent  upon 
foreign  paper,  parchment,  vellum,  and  pasteboard,  and 
20  per  cent  upon  English  paper,  &c.  It  is  also  stated 
that  there  were  not  at  this  time  one  hundred  paper 
mills  in  all  England,  and  that  the  value  of  paper  an- 
nually made  was  only  about  ,£28,000.  It  is  further 
said  that  the  paper  makers  were  generally  very  poor 
and  could  scarce  maintain  their  families. 


34         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1697.  William  Bradford  leased  his  fourth  part  of 
the  paper  mill  near  Germantown,  Pa.,  to  William  and 
Nicholas  Rittenhouse,  for  a  term  of  ten  years,  upon 
the  following  terms :  that  they  should  pay  "  yc  full 
quantity  of  seven  ream  of  printing  paper,  two  ream 
of  good  writing  paper,  and  two  ream  of  blue  paper, 
yearly." 

1700.  Though  several  unsuccessful  attempts  had 
been  made  to  introduce  the  manufacture  of  paper  into 
Belgium,  it  was  not  until  about  this  time  that  it  became 
regularly  established,  by  the  aid  of  government ;  nor 
was  its  progress  rapid  during  the  eighteenth  century, 

1700.  There  were  four  hundred  paper  mills  in  the 
provinces  of  Perigord  and  Angoumois,  in  France  ;  but 
the  art  of  paper  making  had  now  attained  such  a 
degree  of  perfection  in  England  and  Holland,  that 
the  trade  of  these  mills  began  to  decline,  and  finally 
three-fourths  of  them  were  shut  up. 

1 70 1.  An  effort  was  made  in  parliament  to  affix  a 
tax  upon  cheap  publications  which  had  just  come  into 
vogue,  yet  the  quantity  of  paper  consumed  by  them 
was  estimated  at  20,000  reams  a  year. 

1 7 10.  The  second  paper  mill  in  America  was 
erected  in  that  part  of  Germantown,  Pa.,  called  Cre- 
feld,  on  a  small  stream  that  emptied  into  the  Wissa- 
hickon  creek  near  the  manor  of  Springfield,  by  William 
De  Wees,  a  brother-in-law  of  Nicholas  Rittenhouse, 
son  of  the  first  paper  maker. 

171 1.  The  excise  duty  on  paper  was  first  imposed 
in  England  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  occa- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  35 

sioned  by  "  the  necessity  of  raising  large  supplies  of 
money  to  carry  on  the  present  war."  The  necessity 
seems  not  to  have  ceased  since. 

1 7 12.  Peter  the  Great  of  Russia  visited  Dresden 
and  witnessed  the  operation  of  paper  making,  with 
which  he  was  so  much  pleased  that  he  immediately 
engaged  workmen  to  be  sent  to  Moscow,  where  a  mill 
was  erected  with  great  privileges. 

17 13.  Thomas  Wat  kin,  a  London  stationer,  re- 
vived the  art  of  paper  making  in  England,  which  had 
gone  to  decay  ;  he  brought  it  to  great  repute  and  per- 
fection in  a  short  time. 

1 7 16.  John  Bagford,  the  most  extraordinary  con- 
noisseur of  paper  ever  known,  died  in  England.  His 
skill  was  so  great  that  it  is  said  he  could  at  first  sight 
tell  the  place  where  and  the  time  when,  any  paper  was 
made,  though  at  never  so  many  years'  distance.  He 
prepared  materials  for  a  history  of  paper  making,  which 
are  now  in  the  British  Museum,  numbered  5891  to 

5988. 

1 7 19.  Reaumur,  in  an  essay  published  at  this  time, 
seems  to  have  been  the  first  author  who  perceived  that 
paper  might  be  produced  from  wood.  Observing  that 
the  fabric  of  wasps'  nests  was  procured  from  wood,  he 
took  the  hint,  and  explaining  his  own  conceptions  on 
the  subject,  desired  that  some  one  of  those  who  had 
an  opportunity  should  make  the  experiment. 

1720.  The  kings  of  Spain  having  granted  monopo- 
lizing privileges  to  many  convents  for  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  and  when  it  came  again  into  private  hands, 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


fixed  such  a  low  price  upon  printed  books,  the  trade 
went  to  decay.  The  Genoese,  availing  themselves  of 
the  opportunity,  and  procuring  considerable  quantities 
of  rags  from  Andalusia,  in  this  year  sent  back  paper 
to  Spain  to  the  amount  of  500,000  piasters. 

1 72 1.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in  Great 
Britain  annually  was  estimated  at  three  hundred  thou- 
sand reams,  which  was  equal  to  about  two-thirds  of 
the  whole  consumption. 

1723.  The  Dutch  were  importing  large  quantities 
of  paper  from  France,  there  being  few  paper  mills  in 
Holland. 

1723.  The  value  of  the  paper  annually  made  in 
Great  Britain  was  estimated  at  £780,000. 

1724.  At  a  meeting  of  the  legislative  council  of  the 
state  of  New  York,  a  bill  was  brought  in  from  the 
assembly  to  encourage  William  Bradford  and  his  as- 
signs to  make  paper,  and  to  prohibit  all  other  persons 
from  making  the  same  in  the  province  during  the 
space  of  fifteen  years,  and  desiring  the  concurrence 
of  that  board.  On  the  18th  July  the  motion  was  put 
whether  the  said  bill  should  be  read  a  third  time,  and 
was  negatived. 

1727.  Dr.  Brueckmann,  a  German  naturalist,  pub- 
lished his  work  on  stones,  in  which  he  treats  of 
asbestos,  and  four  copies  of  the  book  were  printed 
on  paper  made  of  that  material. 

1728.  William  Demers  and  John  Gorgas  erected 
the  third  paper  mill  in  Pennsylvania.  They  had  been 
apprentices  of  Rittenhouse,  and  are  said  to  have  made 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  37 

a  paper  resembling  asses  skin  from  a  species  of  rotten 
stone,  found  in  the  vicinity,  which  was  prepared  for 
use  by  being  thrown  into  the  fire  for  a  short  time. 

1728.  A  patent  was  granted  by  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  to  a  company  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
manufacturing  paper,  for  a  term  of  ten  years,  on  con- 
dition that  in  the  first  fifteen  months  they  should  make 
115  reams  of  brown  paper  and  60  reams  of  printing 
paper  ;  the  second  year  50  reams  of  writing  paper  in 
addition  to  the  above  ;  and  the  third  year  and  after- 
wards yearly,  25  reams  of  a  superior  quality  of  writing 
paper  in  addition  to  the  foregoing  ;  and  that  the  total 
annual  produce  of  the  various  qualities  should  not  be 
less  than  500  reams  a  year. 

1728.  William  Bradford  owned  a  paper  mill  at 
Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  which  Thomas  thinks  was  the 
first  in  that  state. 

1 729.  A  paper  mill  was  erected  upon  Chester  creek, 
Delaware  county,  Pa.,  by  Thomas  Wilcox.  The 
old  mill  was  taken  down  in  1829.    See  r^53* 

1730.  The  first  paper  mill  in  New  England  went 
into  operation  in  Milton,  Mass.,  under  a  patent  granted 
two  years  before.  It  was  carried  on  several  years,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  been  discontinued  for  want  of  a 
workman.  This  was  probably  the  paper  mill  of 
Daniel  Henchman,  an  enterprising  bookseller  of 
Boston,  who  is  said  to  have  petitioned  for  and  received 
some  aid  from  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  and 
erected  the  first  paper  mill  in  that  colony. 

1 73 1.  Daniel  Henchman,  who  with  legislative  aid 


38  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

erected  the  first  paper  mill  in  Massachusetts,  produced 
a  sample  of  his  paper  before  the  general  court. 

1732.  Richard  Fry,  stationer,  bookseller,  paper 
maker  and  rag  merchant,  in  Cornhill,  Boston,  returned 
the  public  thanks  for  following  the  directions  of  his 
former  advertisement  encouraging  the  gathering  of 
rags,  and  hoped  they  would  continue  the  like  method, 
having  received  upwards  of  seven  thousand  weight 
already. 

1734.  Seba,  a  Flemish  writer  on  natural  history, 
whose  first  volume  was  published  this  year,  called 
attention  to  the  fact  that  his  country  "  does  not  seem 
to  want  trees  fit  for  making  paper,  if  people  would  give 
themselves  the  necessary  trouble  and  expense.  Alga 
marina,  for  example,  which  is  composed  of  long, 
strong,  viscous  filaments,  might  it  not  be  proper  for 
this  purpose,  as  well  as  the  mats  of  Muscovy,  if  they 
were  prepared  as  the  Japanese  make  their  timber  ?  " 

1746.  The  English  had  manufactures  of  papiers 
peints  about  this  time,  and  more  recently  the  Messrs. 
Potter  erected  at  Manchester  a  colossal  establishment, 
which  by  an  ingenious  machine  printed  four  colors  at 
a  time,  and  which  by  the  aid  of  eight  machines,  pro- 
duced in  a  single  day  from  8  to  10,000  rolls,  which 
was  more  than  was  produced  by  all  the  London  man- 
ufactories. 

1 748.  The  decrease  of  exports  of  French  paper  from 
Rouen  was  so  great  that  many  of  the  mills  were  con- 
verted to  other  uses,  principally  to  fulling  mills. 

1750.  About  this  time  the  cylinder  or  engine  mode 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  39 

of  comminuting  rags  into  paper  pulp  appears  to  have 
been  invented  in  Holland,  but  received  very  little  at- 
tention abroad  for  several  years  after. 

1 750.  It  was  in  this  year  that  Baskerville,  to  obviate 
the  roughness  of  the  laid  paper  of  that  time,  had  it 
made  on  wove  moulds  ;  his  beautiful  edition  of  Virgil 
(see  1757)  was  chiefly  printed  on  this  wove  paper. 

1 75 1.  Many  suitable  vegetables  had  been  dis- 
covered, and  schemes  proposed  for  converting  them 
into  paper,  as  a  substitute  for  rags,  but  none  were 
carried  into  effect  until  now,  when  M.  Guettard,  in 
France,  published  his  experiments  and  communicated 
new  specimens  of  paper  made  from  the  bark,  leaves, 
wood,  &c,  of  different  plants,  shrubs  and  trees. 

1754.  Dutch  workmen  were  brought  into  Austria 
at  the  public  expense  by  the  empress  Maria  Theresa, 
for  the  instruction  of  master  paper  makers ;  and  the 
monopoly  to  buy  rags  was  abolished. 

1755.  The  Royal  Society  of  Sciences  at  Gottingen 
offered  a  premium  to  trace  the  exact  time  of  the  dis- 
covery of  the  manufacture  of  paper  from  linen.  (See 

1763«) 

1756.  It  has  been  noted  that  engines  were  not  used 
in  American  mills  before  this  time,  but  that  rags  were 
still  reduced  to  pulp  by  being  pounded. 

1756.  William  Hutton  opened  the  first  paper  ware- 
house in  Manchester,  England. 

1756.  The  first  attempt  to  manufacture  paper  of 
straw  was  now  made  in  Germany,  and  was  induced  by 
the  scarcity  of  rags.    A  treatise  was  printed  on  the 


40  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


subject,  giving  a  plan  for  reducing  all  vegetables  into 
pulp,  and  bleaching  the  same. 

1757.  An  edition  of  Virgil  was  printed  by  Basker- 
ville  in  England,  principally  upon  what  the  French 
term  papier  velin.  It  was  an  English  invention,  and 
this  was  the  first  work  printed  upon  it. 

1759.  Until  this  period  rags  were  reduced  to  pulp 
by  means  of  stampers,  a  slow  process,  requiring  con- 
siderable motive  power ;  to  remedy  this,  cylinders 
with  sharp  steel  blades  for  tearing  the  rags  (invented 
in  Holland,  where  the  wind-mills,  then  used  for  pro- 
pelling machinery,  were  found  inadequate  to  put  these 
stampers  in  regular  and  constant  motion),  began  to  be 
used  in  other  countries. 

1760.  The  first  paper  mill  in  New  England,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  stopped  for  want  of  a  workman  to 
carry  it  on,  was  revived  by  a  citizen  of  Boston,  who 
obtained  for  a  British  soldier  stationed  there,  a  furlough 
long  enough  to  enable  him  to  put  the  mill  in  operation. 

1 760.  The  making  of  paper  in  England  had  scarcely 
reached  any  high  degree  of  perfection  until  this  time, 
when  the  celebrated  James  Whatman  established  his 
reputation  at  Maidstone.  He  had  visited  the  most 
celebrated  paper  mills  in  Europe,  which  enabled  him 
to  acquire  a  great  celebrity  in  his  profession,  and  his 
successors  have  maintained  the  reputation  of  the  esta- 
blishment to  the  present  time  ;  a  medal  having  been 
awarded  them  at  the  World's  fair  in  1851. 

1762.  Gerardus  Meerman,  a  Hollander,  who  wrote 
upon  the  origin  of  printing,  offered  a  premium  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  41 

twenty-five  ducats  to  discover  the  time  of  the  first 
manufacture  of  linen  paper.  Specimens  were  sent  to 
him  from  different  countries,  which  were  claimed  to 
be  linen  ;  but  all  his  researches  were  lost  and  reduced 
to  an  uncertainty,  through  the  existing  remnants  of 
cotton  paper,  which  was  in  use  some  centuries  before 
linen,  because  the  two  are  in  many  respects  similar, 
and  cotton  and  linen  rags  may  have  been  at  first  mixed  ; 
it  was  therefore  rendered  more  difficult  to  ascertain 
when  the  first  paper  was  made  from  linen  rags  alone. 

1763.  The  Royal  Society  of  Science  of  Gottingen 
renewed  their  premiums  of  1755  for  the  discovery  of 
the  period  of  the  introduction  of  paper. 

1765.  Jacob  Christian  Schaffers,  of  Ratisbon,  pub- 
lished a  work  in  octavo,  upon  the  different  sorts  of 
paper  which  he  could  make  without  the  use  of  rags; 
giving  specimens,  among  which  were  the  coton  du 
peuplier,  hornets'  nests,  sawdust,  moss,  beech,  willow, 
aspen,  mulberry,  clematite,  and  pine  ;  with  hop  vines, 
the  peelings  of  grape  vines,  hemp,  the  leaves  of  aloes, 
and  lily  of  the  valley  ;  with  arroche,  mothwort,  masse 
d'eau,  barley  straw,  cabbage  stumps,  thistle  stalks, 
burdock,  conferva,  wheat  straw,  broom  corn,  and 
Bavarian  peat.    (See  1772.) 

1768.  Christopher  Leffingwell  began  to  make 
paper  at  Norwich,  Connecticut,  about  this  time,  and 
was  encouraged  by  the  legislature  with  the  promise 
of  a  bounty. 

1768.  Such  was  the  reputation  of  the  paper  fabri- 
cated in  Holland,  that   the  French  Academy  of 
4 


42  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

Sciences,  at  Paris,  sent  Demarets  to  that  country  for 
the  purpose  of  visiting  the  mills,  and  studying  the 
process. 

1769.  It  was  announced  in  the  Boston  News  Letter 
that  "  the  bellcart  will  go  through  Boston  before  the 
end  of  next  month,  to  collect  rags  for  the  paper  mill 
at  Milton,  when  all  people  that  will  encourage  the 
paper  manufactory  may  dispose  of  them."  The 
annexed  lines  were  appended  to  aid  the  public  zeal : 

u  Rags  are  as  beauties,  which  concealed  lie, 
But  when  in  paper  how  it  charms  the  eye  ; 
Pray  save  your  rags,  new  beauties  to  discover, 
For  paper,  truly,  every  one's  a  lover : 
By  the  pen  and  press  such  knowledge  is  displayed, 
As  wouldn't  exist  if  paper  was  not  made. 
Wisdom  of  things,  mysterious,  divine, 
Illustriously  doth  on  paper  shine." 

1770.  Christopher  Leffingwell,  who  manufactured 
paper  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  under  the  official  en- 
couragement of  2d.  a  quire  on  all  good  writing  paper, 
and  id.  a  quire  on  all  printing  and  common  paper 
(see  1768),  now  received  bounty  on  4,020  quires  of 
writing  paper,  and  10,600  quires  of  printing  paper, 
after  which  the  government  patronage  was  withdrawn. 

1770.  There  were  eleven  large  paper  mills  in  Hol- 
land in  which  wind  mills  were  used  to  drive  the  cutting 
and  grinding  engines,  which  performed  more  labor  in 
an  hour  than  the  German  water  mills  with  the  stampers 
would  do  in  six  hours.  In  Saardam  1,000  persons 
were  employed  in  paper  making.    They  imported 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  43 

nine- tenths  of  their  stock;  but  exported  great  quan- 
tities of  paper. 

1770.  In  the  states  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware,  there  were  forty  paper  mills,  which  were 
supposed  to  make  £  100,000  worth  of  paper  annually. 

1772.  There  were  two  mills  in  operation  in  Italy 
for  the  manufacture  of  paper  from  maize,  or  Turkish 
wheat ;  but  we  have  no  account  of  their  success,  nor 
that  the  manufacture  was  more  than  an  experiment, 

1772.  A  book  was  printed  in  Germany,  containing 
upwards  of  sixty  specimens  of  paper,  made  of  different 
materials,  the  result  of  one  man's  experiments  alone. 
The  author  was  Jacob  Christian  Schaffers,1  and  a 
copy  is  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  library. 

1 774.  Scheele  discovered  a  gas  now  known  as  chlo- 
rine, which,  in  combination  with  lime,  came  to  be 
employed  in  bleaching  paper  to  a  very  great  extent. 

1775.  There  were,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  revo- 
lution, three  small  paper  mills  in  Massachusetts  ;  in 
New  Hampshire  none  ;  and  one  in  Rhode  Island  out 
of  repair.  The  paper  which  these  mills  could  make 
fell  far  short  of  the  necessary  supply.  Paper,  of 
course,  was  very  scarce,  and  what  could  be  procured 
was  badly  manufactured,  not  having  more  than  half 
the  requisite  labor  bestowed  upon  it.  It  was  often 
taken  from  the  mill  wet  and  unsized.    The  people 

1  This  work  of  Schaffers,  prediger  zu  Regensburg,  is  entitled  Sammt- 
liche  Papiewersuche.  It  seems  to  have  been  the  second  work  by  this 
author  on  the  subject  (see  1765).  Ratisbon  is  the  more  common 
name  for  the  ancient  city  of  Regensburg. 


44 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


had  not  acquired  the  habit  of  saving  rags,  and  stock 
for  the  manufacture  of  paper  was  obtained  with  great 
difficulty.  Everything  like  rags  was  ground  up  to- 
gether to  make  paper,  which  accounts  for  the  peculiar 
colors  often  observed  in  the  paper  of  this  time. 

1775.  The  Maryland  convention  resolved  that  the 
sum  of  400  pounds,  common  money,  be  advanced  to 
James  Dorset,  of  Baltimore  county,  he  giving  bond 
with  sufficient  security  to  repay  the  same  within  two 
years,  without  interest,  either  in  cash,  or  writing  or 
cartridge  paper,  or  in  such  proportions  of  each  as  this 
or  a  future  convention,  or  council  of  safety,  in  their 
recess  shall  direct  and  order  ;  that  is  to  say  :  one-third 
part  thereof  within  twelve  months,  and  the  other  two- 
thirds  within  two  years  from  the  date  of  said  bond  ; 
he  at  the  same  time  engaging  to  build  a  mill  for  that 
purpose  within  six  months  from  the  date  of  his  said 
contract ;  and  to  sell  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  province 
any  kind  of  paper  which  he  may  make,  as  cheap  as 
the  same  can  or  shall  be  sold  at  any  mill  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Pennsylvania. 

1775.  The  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina 
offered  a  premium  of  ^500  currency  to  the  first  person 
who  should  erect  and  establish  a  proper  paper  mill  in 
that  colony,  upon  producing  three  reams  of  good 
writing  paper  manufactured  thereat. 

1776.  William  Bellamy,  having  proposed  to  the 
provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina,  that  with  some 
assistance  from  the  public,  he  would  erect  and  com- 
plete a  proper  mill  for  the  making  of  paper  and  cutting 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  45 

files  at  the  same  time,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
take  his  proposal  into  consideration. 

1776.  A  volume  was  printed  in  France  upon  white 
looking  paper,  made  from  the  bark  of  the  linden  (bass- 
wood),  at  the  end  of  which  were  some  twenty  speci- 
mens of  paper,  made  from  as  many  different  kinds  of 
vegetables.  But  the  poor  quality  of  the  fabrics  and 
the  cost  of  producing  them  seem  to  have  discouraged 
the  inventors. 

1 776.  The  Massachusetts  house  of  representatives, 
in  view  of  the  scarcity  of  paper,  resolved  that  the 
committees  of  correspondence,  and  inspection,  and 
safety,  in  the  several  towns,  be  required  to  appoint 
some  suitable  person  in  each  town  to  receive  rags  for 
the  paper  mills  ;  and  the  inhabitants  were  desired  to 
be  very  careful  in  saving  even  the  smallest  quantity  of 
rags  proper  for  making  paper. 

1776.  Watson  &  Ledyard,  having  a  paper  mill  at 
East  Hartford,  Ct.,  wholly  supplied  the  press  at  Hart- 
ford, which  published  about  8,000  papers  weekly,  as 
well  as  the  greater  part  of  the  writing  paper  used  in 
Connecticut,  and  much  of  that  used  by  the  Conti- 
nental army. 

1776.  Thomas  Loosley  and  Thomas  Elms  applied 
to  the  New  York  Provincial  congress  to  be  exempted 
from  military  duty  as  indispensable  to  the  successful 
pursuit  of  their  business  as  paper  makers.  (4  Force's 
American  Archives,  vi,  615.)  By  a  resolve  of  the  con- 
vention Aug.  14,  the  master  workman  and  two  attend- 
ants at  each  paper  mill  were  exempted. — 5  lb.,  i,  15 10. 


46  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1776.  The  Pennsylvania  council  of  safety  took 
measures  to  prevent  the  paper  makers  from  joining  the 
volunteers  about  to  march  to  New  Jersey,  congress 
having  resolved  that  they  should  be  detained. 

1777.  The  French  Academy  of  Sciences  sent  a 
second  deputation  to  Holland  to  visit  the  paper  mills 
and  learn  the  process  by  which  their  fine  papers  were 
produced. 

1778.  May  9,  congress  ordered  $200  to  be  paid  to 
Charles  Cist  and  James  Claypoole  towards  defraying 
their  expenses,  on  their  employment  by  the  treasurer 
in  superintending  the  making  of  paper  for  loan-office 
certificates  and  bills  of  exchange. 

1778.  When  the  American  army  entered  Philadel- 
phia, in  June,  upon  the  evacuation  of  the  British  troops, 
there  was  a  want  of  paper  fitted  for  the  construction 
of  cartridges.  It  was  advertised  for  and  but  a  small 
quantity  procured.  An  order  was  then  issued  demand- 
ing its  instant  production  by  all  people  in  that  city  who 
had  it.  This  produced  but  little,  and  most  probably 
on  account  of  its  scarcity.  A  file  of  soldiers  was 
then  ordered  to  make  search  for  it  in  every  place 
where  any  was  likely  to  be  found.  Among  other 
places  visited  in  July,  was  a  garret  in  the  house  in 
which  Benjamin  Franklin  had  previously  had  his 
printing  office.  Here  was  discovered  about  twenty- 
five  hundred  copies  of  a  sermon  which  the  Rev, 
Gilbert  Tenant  had  written  (printed  by  Franklin)  upon 
Defensive  War,  to  rouse  the  colonists  during  the 
French  troubles.    They  were  all  taken  and  used  as 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  47 

cases  for  musket  cartridges,  and  at  once  sent  to  the 
army,  and  most  of  them  were  used  at  the  battle  of 
Monmouth.  The  requisites  in  cartridge  paper  were, 
of  course,  thinness,  strength,  pliability,  and  inflamma- 
bility, and  such  paper  was  necessarily  scarce  then. — 
Historical  Magazine,  viii,  1 5 1-2. 

1779.  M.  Didot,  the  noted  Parisian  printer,  having 
analyzed  the  vellum  paper  of  the  English,  addressed 
a  letter  to  M.  Johannot  d'Annonay,  a  French  paper 
maker,  inviting  him  to  attempt  a  similar  fabrication, 
which  was  successfully  made  by  him.    (See  1 78 1 .) 

1779.  There  were  ten  paper  mills  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Edinburgh. 

1 78 1.  M.  Didot,  of  Paris,  having  in  1779  en- 
couraged M.  Johannot  d'Annonay  to  attempt  an  imi- 
tation of  the  English  vellum  paper,  received  from  that 
manufacturer  a  quantity  of  the  desired  fabric,  which 
procured  for  the  latter  a  gold  medal  from  the  king, 
Louis  XVI.  It  is  known  among  the  trade  as  papier 
velin ;  that  is,  like  parchment,  or  without  water-marks, 
as  they  are  called. 

1 78 1.  The  scarcity  of  paper  in  New  York  at  this 
time  was  so  great  that  the  journal  of  the  second  session 
of  the  assembly  was  not  printed,  the  printer  being 
unable  to  procure  the  necessary  paper. 

1781.  Stockholm  imported  18,579  reams  of  paper. 
The  kingdom  of  Sweden  had  no  more  than  twenty- 
four  paper  mills  within  its  borders  at  a  period  about 
twenty  years  later. 

1782.  Hamburg  imported  80,000  reams  of  paper. 


48  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

The  city  had  but  two  paper  mills  of  two  vats  each, 
which  consumed  about  60,000  pounds  of  rags  in 
making  a  dark  purple  paper  for  sugar  bakers. 

1784.  The  value  of  the  paper  manufactured  in 
England  was  reported  at  £800,000,  the  excise  on 
which  was  nearly  £46,868. 

1784.  It  was  advertised  in  Albany  that  rags  were 
wanted  at  the  paper  mill  in  Bennington,  Vermont. 

1785.  According  to  Count  Ewald  von  Hartzberg 
there  were  in  the  Russian  dominions  800  (?)  paper 
manufactories,  the  revenue  from  which  was  $200,000 
annually. 

1785.  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  an 
"  Act  imposing  duties  on  licensed  vellum,  parchment, 
and  paper."  This  was  so  unpopular  that  the  same 
body  found  it  necessary  to  repeal  it. 

1785.  A  gentleman  who  had  directed  his  researches 
to  national  industry,  stated  that  there  were  400  paper 
mills  in  Germany,  which  furnished  20,000  bales,  of 
ten  reams  each,  per  annum. 

1786.  The  Society  of  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
offered  a  premium  for  the  best  remedy  to  protect  paper 
against  insects,  and  another  for  the  best  method  of 
making  paper  for  St.  Domingo  which  would  resist 
insects.  Several  answers  and  samples  were  received, 
all  recommending  to  mix  the  size  with  sharp  and 
bitter  or  other  ingredients  which  might  kill  the  insects. 
But  they  were  all  rejected. 

1786.  The  works  of  the  Marquis  de  Villette  were 
printed  in  London  in  241110,  on  paper  made  of  marsh 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  49 

mallow  ;  and  at  the  end  are  specimens  in  single  leaves 
of  paper  made  of  the  nettle,  hop,  moss,  reed,  three 
species  of  conferva,  couch  grass,  spindle  tree,  way- 
faring tree,  elm,  lime,  yellow  willow,  sallow  willow, 
poplar,  oak,  burdock,  coltsfoot,  and  thistle.  These 
experiments  were  made  at  the  manufactory  of  M. 
Leorier,  at  Bruges,  and  served  to  show  that  paper 
could  be  made  of  a  multitude  of  articles ;  but  they 
did  not  overcome  the  difficulty  which  existed,  and 
which  still  exists,  of  disclosing  a  substance  which 
should  be  preferable  to  linen  and  cotton  rags. 

1787.  The  consumption  of  French  paper-hangings 
in  the  United  States  was  so  great,  that  the  French 
government  took  off  the  export  duty. 

1787.  A  patent  was  granted  to  one  Hooper,  of 
London,  for  a  new  method  of  manufacturing  printing 
paper,  particularly  designed  for  copperplate  printing. 

1788.  Mr.  Greaves,  of  Warrington,  England,  made 
paper  from  the  bark  and  leaves  of  willow  twigs. 

1788.  The  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Arts 
conferred  a  silver  medal  on  a  French  manufacturer, 
for  the  production  of  forty-four  quires  of  paper  from 
the  bark  of  the  sallow  tree.  About  600  pounds  of 
the  raw  material  were  used  in  the  production  of  that 
quantity. 

1789.  The  manufacture  of  paper  in  Angouleme 
gave  employment  to  600  workmen,  who  produced  an- 
nually about  1,400,000  pounds.  The  beating  was 
done  with  mallets,  which  was  still  in  practice  to  a  late 
day.    The  price  of  paper  was  about  ten  cents  a  pound. 

5 


50  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1789.  The  paper  mill  nearest  to  Albany  was  at 
Bennington,  Vt.,  which  depended  for  stock  upon  the 
cast-off  rags  of  the  children  of  the  wilderness.  Paper 
was  frequently  brought  from  the  mill  in  Springfield  on 
horseback,  and  coarse  and  unbleached  as  it  appears 
beside  the  poorest  paper  of  our  day,  was  of  such  value 
that  it  was  customary  to  repair  with  paste  the  broken 
quires  which  always  came  with  hand-made  paper,  so 
that  no  sheets  were  lost.  There  are  several  copies  of 
the  Albany  Register  preserved  in  a  volume  in  the  Albany 
Institute,  which  have  undergone  this  process,  and  are 
so  ingeniously  done  as  not  to  be  detected  unless  held 
up  to  the  light. 

1789.  Homer,  in  his  Bibliotheca  Americana,  informs 
us  that  at  this  time  the  people  of  North  America 
manufactured  their  own  paper,  and  in  sufficient  quan- 
tities for  home  consumption  \  but  that  the  price  of 
labor  was  so  high  as  to  discourage  publishing  beyond 
their  own  laws,  pamphlets,  and  newspapers. 

1789.  Neuerdings  versuchte  Guttermann  im  Sera- 
peum  der  Stadt  Ravensburg  in  Wurtemberg,  die  Ehre 
der  Erfindung  des  Leinenpapiers  zuzuwenden. 

1789.  The  celebrated  munitionnaire  Ouvrard,  son 
of  a  paper  dealer  in  France,  perceiving  that  the  revolu- 
tion would  give  birth  to  a  multitude  of  publications, 
contracted  for  all  the  paper  which  the  manufactories 
at  Poitou  and  Angoumois  could  produce  in  two  years, 
by  which  he  realized  a  hundred  thousand  crowns. 

1789.  Was  sold  in  London,  the  completest  speci- 
men known  to  exist  of  manuscript  written  upon 
papyrus,  dated  572  a.d. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  51 

1790.  The  paper  makers  of  France  labored  them- 
selves as  the  head-workmen  of  their  establishments, 
assisted  by  their  wives  and  children.  This  continued 
until  the  era  of  the  introduction  of  machinery. 

1790.  The  government  of  France,  to  cure  the 
monopoly  in  paper,  fixed  by  legislative  act  the  price 
of  all  merchandise.  It  had  the  effect  to  stop  all 
the  mills. 

1790.  About  this  time  the  practice  of  blueing  paper 
pulp  had  its  origin.  A  paper  maker's  wife,  superin- 
tending the  washing  of  some  fine  linen,  accidentally 
dropped  her  bag  of  powdered  blue  into  the  midst  of 
some  pulp  in  a  forward  state  of  preparation.  The 
paper  maker  beheld  in  great  astonishment  a  peculiar 
color  in  his  pulp ;  which  his  wife,  perceiving  that  no 
great  damage  had  been  done,  took  courage  to  disclose 
the  cause  of.  Being  pleased  with  an  advance  of  four 
shillings  a  bundle  upon  his  improved  paper  in  the 
London  market,  he  presented  to  his  wife  a  costly 
cloak.  [This  fact  is  somewhat  differently  stated  in 
the  London  Printer's  Register^  x,  71.] 

1790.  Samuel  Hooper,  of  London,  produced  paper 
of  various  qualities  from  leather  cuttings  and  refuse 
paper. 

1790.  The  annual  increase  of  printing  presses  in 
Germany,  and  the  want  of  rags  and  paper  stock,  in- 
duced the  manufacture  of  many  more  quires  of  paper 
from  a  hundred  weight  of  rags  than  formerly,  which 
rendered  the  German  printing  paper  very  disagreeable. 

1792.  A  Mr.  Campbell  of  England  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  mode  of  bleaching  rags  for  the  manufac- 


52  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


ture  of  paper.  His  process  was  similar  to  that  pursued 
in  bleaching  cotton  thread. —  Hansard,  213. 

1793.  The  first  paper  mill  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  state  of  New  York  was  erected  at  Troy  by 
Messrs.  Websters,  Ensign  &  Seymour,  in  which  from 
five  to  ten  reams  were  manufactured  daily.  An 
earnest  appeal  was  made  by  the  proprietors  to  the 
patriotism  of  the  ladies,  who  were  invoked  to  aid 
domestic  manufactures  by  the  preservation  of  rags. 
They  were  besought  to  patronize  the  saving  of  all 
kinds  of  linen  and  cotton  rags,  for  which  would  be 
paid  at  the  mill,  3^.  for  clean  white,  id.  for  white, 
blue,  brown,  and  check,  and  a  proportionate  price  for 
all  other  rags. —  Typographical  Miscellany,  97. 

1794.  A  paper  mill  was  built  at  Fairhaven,  Vt.,  by 
Matthew  Lyon,  at  which  paper  for  wrapping  was 
manufactured  from  the  bark  of  the  bass-wood  tree. 

1794.  A  patent  was  granted  to  Mr.  Cunningham  of 
Edinburgh  for  an  improved  method  of  making  paper. 

1795.  John  Bigg,  of  England,  obtained  a  patent  for 
a  simple  and  effectual  process  of  bleaching  rags  and 
other  substances  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  paper. 
It  consisted  in  using  manganese  and  sea-salt  for  the 
bleaching  department,  and  also  in  the  vat. 

1796.  A  Mr.  Bidds  undertook  the  manufacture  of 
paper  from  the  saw-dust  of  sapwood,  suitable  for  the 
purposes  of  printing  [somewhere  in  England  or 
America]. 

1798.  Louis  Robert,  of  France,  a  workman  in  the 
establishment  of  Francois  Didot,  at  Essone,  announced 
that  he  had  discovered  a  way  to  make,  with  one  man, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  53 

and  without  fire,  by  means  of  machines,  sheets  or 
paper  of  a  very  large  size,  even  twelve  feet  wide  and 
fifty  feet  long. 

1798.  The  first  paper  mill  in  western  Pennsylvania, 
called  the  Old  Redstone  mill,  was  built  near  Browns- 
ville, on  the  Monongahela  river. 

1799.  The  largest  paper  mill  in  France  was  at  Mon- 
targis,  having  thirty  vats,  requiring  1,620,000  pounds 
of  rags,  and  135,000  pounds  of  size.  Another  at 
Vougeot  had  twelve  engines  and  twenty  vats.  The 
capacity  of  a  mill  in  those  times  was  computed  by  the 
number  of  vats  it  contained,  handwork  usually  requir- 
ing a  vat  to  each  engine. 

1799.  The  revenue  from  the  excise  duty  on  paper 
in  England  amounted  to  <£  140,000.  The  importation 
of  rags  from  the  continent  was  7,307,117  pounds. 
It  was  estimated  that  twenty-four  million  pounds  or 
rags  were  annually  manufactured  into  paper. 

1799.  The  first  attempt  to  make  paper  in  an  endless 
web  was  successfully  made  in  France  by  Louis  Robert 
at  the  paper  mill  of  Francois  Didot,  and  a  patent  was 
procured  for  the  same  this  year. 

1799.  Zenas  Crane,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  jour- 
neyed a  hundred  miles,  into  Berkshire  county,  pro- 
specting for  a  site  on  which  to  erect  a  mill  of  a 
capacity  for  the  employment  of  five  workmen,  and 
selected  a  location  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Housa- 
tonic,  on  premises  belonging  to  Martin  Chamberlain, 
in  Dalton,  where  a  mill  was  built ;  and  which  he 
afterwards  sold  to  David  Carson.  These  were  the 
pioneers  of  the  great  paper  interest  in  that  region. 


54  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1800.  Sometime  during  this  or  the  previous  year 
P.  De  Labigarre,  who  resided  at  Upper  Red  Hook, 
brought  a  bag  of  frog-spittle  to  the  paper  mill  at  Cats- 
kill,  which  was  manufactured  into  a  poor  kind  of 
paper.  Several  persons  became  interested  in  the  ex- 
periment, and  it  was  supposed  by  them  to  be  a  great 
discovery. —  Hist.  Mag.,  111,  90. 

1800.  The  first  paper  mill  in  Columbia  county, 
New  York,  was  transformed  from  a  flour  mill  on  the 
upper  great  fall  of  Stuyvesant  falls,  by  Elisha  Pitkin. 
Its  capacity  was  one  vat. 

1800.  The  marquis  of  Salisbury  presented  to  the 
king  of  England  a  book  printed  upon  paper  manu- 
factured of  straw,  which  treated  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  ancients  employed  different  materials  to 
perpetuate  the  remembrance  of  events  before  the  in- 
vention of  paper. 

1800.  Was  printed  by  Burton,  of  London,  an  his- 
torical account  of  the  substances  which  have  been 
used  to  describe  events,  and  to  convey  ideas,  from  the 
earliest  date  to  the  invention  of  paper  ;  printed  on  the 
first  useful  paper  manufactured  only  from  straw. 

1800.  The  duty  on  paper  manufactured  in  England 
was  .£315, 802. 

1800.  The  government  of  France  awarded  Louis 
Robert,  the  inventor  of  the  paper  machine,  8000 
francs,  in  consideration  of  the  usefulness  of  his  inven- 
tion, and  a  patent  for  fifteen  years ;  but  the  troubles 
in  which  France  was  involved  caused  delay  in  the 
necessary  experiments,  which  were  both  tedious  and 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  55 

expensive,  and  permission  was  given  to  carry  over  the 
small  working  model  to  England,  with  a  view  of  get- 
ting the  benefit  of  British  capital  and  mechanical  skill 
to  bring  it  into  an  operative  state  on  a  large  scale. 

1800.  A  successful  experiment  was  carried  out  in 
England  by  Matthias  Koops,  by  which  700  reams  of 
clean  and  white  paper  were  turned  out  weekly  from 
such  old  waste  and  written  and  printed  paper  alone, 
as  had  previously  been  thrown  away. 

1800.  A  paper  mill  at  Jaroslow,  in  Russia,  with 
twenty-eight  engines  and  seventy  vats,  manufactured 
1 100  reams  of  paper  weekly,  and  consumed  800  tons 
of  rags  annually  ;  there  was  another  of  thirteen  en- 
gines and  thirteen  vats  ;  they  made  paper-hangings 
principally  for  Moscow. 

1800.  There  were  upwards  of  200  paper  mills  in 
Spain,  of  which  thirty-one  were  at  Alcoi,  and  it  was 
said  that  one  Francisco  Guarro  manufactured  paper 
as  good  as  any  Dutch. 

1 80 1.  M.  Seguin,  an  inventor  of  some  note,  ob- 
tained a  patent  in  France  for  the  manufacture  of  paper 
from  straw,  hemp,  and  other  vegetables,  which  he 
alleged  produced  an  excellent  quality  of  paper  when 
prepared  by  his  process ;  but  this  was  so  lengthy  and 
expensive  that  it  was  not  encouraged  by  paper  makers. 

1 80 1.  John  Gamble,  an  Englishman,  who  had 
accompanied  Leger  Didot  from  Paris  with  Robert's 
invention  for  making  an  endless  web  of  paper,  obtained 
the  first  patent  in  England  for  that  machine.  Didot 
had  agreed  to  pay  Robert  25,000  francs  for  the  patent 
and  model. 


56  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1 80 1.  There  were  twenty-six  paper  mills  in  Russia, 
and  notwithstanding  the  plenty  of  rags,  the  exportation 
of  which  was  prohibited,  they  imported  paper  annually 
to  the  amount  of  220,000  rubles. 

1 80 1.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  Germany 
proper  was  estimated  to  exceed  500,  manufacturing 
two  and  a  half  million  pounds  of  paper  annually. 
But  they  made  principally  coarse  paper,  the  finer 
qualities  being  imported. 

1 80 1.  The  paper  mill  of  John  Clark  of  Springfield,, 
N.  J.,  was  burnt,  with  a  large  quantity  of  paper  stock. 

1 80 1.  Matthias  Koops  succeeded  in  making  "the 
most  perfect  paper  from  straw,  wood,  and  other  vege- 
tables, without  the  addition  of  any  other  known  paper 
stuff."  He  printed  a  book  on  these  fabrics,  from 
which  many  of  the  facts  here  given  have  been  gathered. 
He  asserted  that  paper  could  be  manufactured  from 
any  vegetable  substance.  He  seems  to  have  been  the 
first  to  discover  a  mode  of  extracting  printing  and 
writing  ink  from  waste  paper,  and  obtained  a  patent 
for  manufacturing  paper  from  straw,  hay,  thistles, 
waste  and  refuse  of  hemp  and  flax,  and  different  kinds 
of  wood  and  bark,  fit  for  printing  and  almost  all  other 
purposes  for  which  paper  is  used.  He  claimed  to 
have  produced  the  first  useful  paper  that  had  ever 
been  made  from  straw  alone. 

1 80 1.  There  were  500  paper  mills  in  France,  not- 
withstanding the  diminution  during  a  great  number  of 
years  caused  by  the  gradual  decrease  of  export,  arising 
from  the  activity  with  which  the  neighboring  countries 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  57 


pursued  the  manufacture  at  home.  These  mills  were 
supposed  to  consume  annually  twenty  million  pounds 
of  rags  and  coarse  paper  stuff;  and  that  fourteen 
million  pounds  of  rags  were  annually  exported,  not- 
withstanding the  severe  prohibition. 

1 80 1.  Robert  Bage,  an  English  paper  maker,  died. 
William  Hutton,  the  celebrated  bookseller  and  author 
at  Birmingham,  purchased  nearly  all  the  paper  which 
Bage  made  during  forty-five  years. 

1801.  Mr.  David  Buel,  postmaster  at  Troy,  New 
York,  published  the  following  homily  under  the  head, 
"  Please  to  save  your  Rags.  The  press  contributes  more 
to  the  diffusion  of  knowledge  and  information  than 
any  other  medium ;  rags  are  the  primary  requisite  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper ;  and  without  paper  the 
newspapers  of  our  country,  those  cheap,  useful  and 
agreeable  companions  of  the  citizen  and  farmer,  which 
in  a  political  and  moral  view  are  of  the  highest  national 
importance,  must  decline  and  be  extinguished.  The 
paper  mills  of  the  state,  could  the  poor  and  the  opulent, 
the  farmer  and  the  mechanic,  be  persuaded  into  the 
laudable  frugality  of  saving  rags,  would  turn  out  ample 
supplies  of  American  paper  to  answer  all  demands. 
The  people  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  with 
true  American  zeal,  have  introduced  this  exemplary 
saving  into  the  economy  of  their  houses.  The  latter, 
by  fair  calculation,  makes  yearly  a  saving  of  rags  to 
the  actual  amount  of  $50,000.  The  ladies  in  several 
of  the  large  towns,  display  an  elegant  work  bag,  as  part 
of  the  furniture  of  their  parlors,  in  which  every  rag 
that  is  used  in  the  paper  mill,  is  carefully  preserved. 


58  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

Were  this  example  imitated,  this  state  would  not  be 
drained  of  its  circulating  cash,  for  paper  and  other 
manufactures,  which  American  artists  can  furnish. 
The  poor,  by  the  mere  saving  of  rags,  may  be  enabled 
to  procure  paper  and  books,  for  schools  and  family 
use,  or  more  agreeable  articles  of  dress  or  consumption. 
The  rich,  who  regard  the  interests  of  their  country, 
will  direct  their  children  or  domestics  to  place  a  bag 
or  box  in  some  convenient  place,  as  a  deposit  for  rags, 
that  none  may  be  lost,  by  being  swept  into  the  street 
or  fire ;  the  sales  of  which  savings  will  reward  the 
attention  of  the  faithful  servant,  and  encourage  the 
prosperous  habit  of  prudence  and  enterprise." 

1802.  A  patent  was  secured  in  England  by  W. 
Plees  for  a  mode  of  coloring  paper  pulp,  which  con- 
sisted of  mixing  with  the  pulp  snuff,  bran,  hay,  or  any 
substance  possessing  the  color  which  was  desired  to 
be  imparted  to  the  paper. 

1802.  Several  patents  were  granted  at  this  time  in 
England  and  France,  for  improvements  in  the  paper 
machine,  most  of  which  were  of  value,  and  caused 
more  progression  in  the  art  than  the  substances  offered 
for  the  production  of  paper. 

1802.  Burgess  Allison  and  John  Hawkins  obtained 
a  patent  for  making  paper  of  the  husks  of  Indian  corn. 

1802.  M.  Lozanna  offered  to  the  Society  of  Agri- 
culture at  Turin,  a  number  of  specimens  of  paper 
made  of  the  papus  of  the  seratula  ervensis,  the  carduus 
nutans,  and  of  the  bark  of  the  erigerone  of  Canada. 

1802.  The  fourteen  paper  mills  at  Alsace  in  France, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  59 

which  manufactured  about  40,000  reams  annually, 
exported  about  two-thirds  thereof  to  Switzerland  and 
Germany.  The  manufacturers  in  Languedoc,  Lyons, 
Guienne,  Bretagne,  and  Poitou,  wrought  also  princi- 
pally for  exportation. 

1803.  Mr.  Bryan  Donkin,  after  nearly  three  years 
of  intense  application,  succeeded  in  producing  a  self- 
acting  machine  on  the  plan  of  M.  Robert  of  France. 
It  was  to  him  that  Didot  and  Gamble,  on  their  arrival 
in  England,  entrusted  the  attempt  to  construct  the 
novel  automaton.  It  performed  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  surprise  every  body,  and  he  became  universally 
celebrated  as  a  manufacturer  of  paper  machinery. 

1803.  The  average  yearly  import  of  rags  into  Great 
Britain  was  3,111  tons  for  this  and  the  two  previous 
years. 

1803,  In  the  cantons  of  Bern  and  Basil  were  several 
paper  mills,  which  manufactured  paper  so  much  ad- 
mired for  its  strength  and  whiteness,  that  it  tended  to 
diminish  the  importation  from  France. 

1803.  The  magistrates  of  a  northern  town  in  Eng- 
land had  the  following  notice  painted  on  boards  in 
large  letters,  and  fixed  up  in  all  places  of  public  resort. 

"  To  the  Ladles. —  Genteel  women,  who  amuse  their 
idle  hours  in  working,  frequently  throw  scraps  of  linen 
and  cotton  of  various  kinds  into  the  fire.  It  is  re- 
quested most  humbly,  that  every  lady  will  reserve 
these  trifles,  and  direct  their  maid  servants  to  sell  them, 
because  their  so  doing  will  prevent  X6o,ooo  being 
annually  exported  to  foreign  countries  for  the  import- 


60         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

ation  of  old  rags  to  make  paper,  and  which  in  conse- 
quence, will  become  cheaper." 

1804.  About  this  time  William  Baily  began  the 
erection  of  a  paper  mill  on  the  river  Chateaugay, 
above  the  town  of  that  name,  in  Franklin  county, 
N.  Y.;  but  it  was  never  completed. 

1804.  Peignot  estimated  the  quantity  of  printing 
paper  consumed  in  Paris  annually  at  228,000  reams. 

1804.  The  American  Company  of  Booksellers 
offered  a  gold  medal  of  the  value  of  fifty  dollars  for 
the  greatest  quantity  of  paper,  of  the  best  quality  fit 
for  printing,  not  less  than  fifty  reams,  of  other  mate- 
rials than  linen,  cotton  or  woolen  rags  ;  and  a  silver 
medal  of  the  value  of  twenty  dollars  for  the  greatest 
quantity  of  wrapping  paper,  not  less  than  forty  reams, 
manufactured  of  other  materials  than  those  usually 
employed  for  that  purpose. 

1804.  There  was  at  this  time  a  paper  mill  at  Bel- 
lows Falls,  owned  by  a  Mr.  Atkinson  of  New  York 
and  a  Mr.  Casey  of  Middletown. —  Ford's  Ms.  Journal. 

1804.  Messrs.  Henry  and  Sealy  Fourdrinier, 
wealthy  stationers  and  paper  manufacturers  of  Lon- 
don, purchased  the  patents  of  Didot  and  Gamble  in 
Robert's  paper  machine.  It  was  by  their  improve- 
ments and  extensive  manufacture  that  the  invention 
came  to  be  called  the  Fourdrinier  machine,  by  which 
it  is  still  known,  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Their 
first  experiments  were  made  at  Boxmoor,  where  they 
erected  a  machine  and  pursued  their  experiments  at 
great  expense. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.    6 1 

1804.  Mr.  Donkin,  since  so  celebrated  as  a  paper 
machine  maker,  put  up  his  second  machine  at  Two 
Waters,  in  England,  which  was  completely  successful; 
and  the  manufacture  of  continuous  paper  became  one 
of  the  most  useful  discoveries  of  the  age. 

1805.  Mr.  Donkin,  the  builder  of  the  Fourdrinier 
paper  machine,  altered  the  position  of  the  cylinders 
so  as  to  dispense  with  the  use  of  the  upper  web,  an 
improvement  by  which  the  machine  was  much  simpli- 
fied (the  paper  on  the  web  being  slightly  pressed  be- 
fore passing  through  the  pressing  rollers) ;  thus  an 
all-important  advantage  was  attained.  It  was  now 
capable  of  doing  the  work  of  six  vats  in  twelve  hours.1 

1805.  It  was  about  this  time  that  the  rice-paper  of 
the  Chinese,  used  for  artificial  flowers,  was  introduced 
into  England.  It  was  an  item  of  the  gossip  of  the  day 
that  the  princess  Charlotte  paid  seventy  guineas  for  a 
bouquet  made  of  this  paper,  which  is  not  a  manufac- 
tured article,  but  a  vegetable  production,  cut  spirally, 
and  afterwards  flattened  by  pressure.  It  seems  to 
have  come  from  the  island  of  Formosa  originally. 

1806.  The  first  paper  mill  in  Lee,  Mass.,  was 
erected  by  Samuel  Church,  in  this  year. 

1 806.  Francis  Guy,  of  Baltimore,  procured  a  patent 
for  paper  carpets,  which  he  claimed  were  equal  to 
canvas  floor  cloths,  much  more  beautiful,  and  above 
fifty  per  cent  cheaper. 

1  By  the  hand  process  it  took  three  months  to  complete  the  paper 
ready  for  delivery,  from  the  time  of  receiving  the  rags  into  the  mill  5 
by  the  machine  the  paper  may  now  be  delivered  the  next  day. 


62  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1806.  The  patentees  of  the  Fourdrinier  machine 
laid  a  statement  before  the  public  containing  a  com- 
parative estimate  of  the  expense  attending  seven  vats, 
and  that  attending  a  machine  employed  upon  paper 
sized  in  the  engine,  performing  the  same  quantity  of 
work  as  seven  vats,  at  the  rate  of  twelve  hours  a  day. 
The  expense  of  seven  vats  per  annum  was  .£2,604 : 
;  a  machine  doing  seven  vats'  work  was  .£734: 
I2J. ;  balance  saved  by  the  machine  per  annum, 
,£1,870.  The  expense  of  making  paper  by  hand  at 
this  time  was  i6j.  per  cwt.  ;  by  machine,  3^.  6d. 

1806.  The  manufacturers  at  Angouleme  first  pro- 
duced vellum-paper,  which  had  been  made  in  Holland 
since  1740,  and  at  Annonay  since  1781.  An  exhibi- 
tion of  manufactures  was  held  at  Paris,  in  this  year, 
at  which  seven  Angouleme  manufacturers  sent  their 
products  and  obtained  prizes. 

1807.  The  paper  mill  of  Nathan  Benjamin  at  Cats- 
kill  was  burnt,  with  a  stock  valued  at  $9,000. 

1807.  Messrs.  Fourdrinier  stated  before  parliament 
that  they  had  withdrawn  from  their  stationery  business 
the  large  sum  of  .£60,000  to  further  the  object  of 
their  enterprise ;  so  many  difficulties  did  they  en- 
counter, in  bringing  the  machinery  to  its  then  com- 
paratively complete  state,  and  so  little  encouragement 
or  support  did  they  receive  from  the  paper  manufac- 
turers throughout  the  kingdom.  The  prices  of  their 
machines  were  from  X715  to  £1040. 

1807.  Gen.  Walter  Martin,  proprietor  of  the  town- 
ship of  Martinsburg,  Lewis  county,  N.  Y.,  erected  a 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  63 

paper  mill,  which  was  run  by  John  Clark  &  Co. 
They  gave  notice  that  rags  would  be  received  at  the 
principal  stores  in  Upper  Canada  and  the  Black  river 
country,  which  (like  many  of  the  advertisements  of 
the  early  paper  makers,  both  in  England  and  America), 
was  accompanied  by  a  poetic  address  to  the  ladies, 
one  stanza  of  which  ran  thus  : 

"  Sweet  ladies,  pray  be  not  offended, 

Nor  mind  the  jest  of  sneering  wags ; 
No  harm,  believe  us,  is  intended, 

When  humbly  we  request  your  rags." 

1807.  The  paper  makers  on  the  North  Esk,  in 
Scotland,  made  681,000  pounds  of  paper  during  this 
year.    See  1863. 

1808.  The  Sultan  Selim  III  was  assassinated,  and 
the  printing  office  and  paper  manufactory  which  he 
had  established  a  few  years  before,  at  Scutari,  the 
Asiatic  suburb  of  Constantinople,  were  destroyed. 

1808.  John  Gamble,  who  had  superintended  the 
construction  and  improved  the  paper  machine  in  Eng- 
land, after  losing  both  his  time  and  money-savings 
during  eight  years  of  irksome  diligence,  assigned  over 
to  Messrs.  Fourdrinier,  the  whole  right  of  his  share 
in  the  patent  to  which  he  was  entitled  under  the  act 
of  parliament,  for  improvements. 

1808.  Van  Veghten  &  Son,  who  printed  the  West- 
ern Budget  at  Schenectady,  issued  their  paper  several 
weeks  on  a  half  sheet,  alleging  that  they  had  posted 
to  all  the  mills  within  thirty  miles,  without  being  able 
to  procure  a  full  supply,  but  only  the  promise  of  a 


64         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

sufficient  quantity  within  two  or  three  weeks.  They 
took  occasion  to  request  the  ladies  to  pack  up  all  their 
rags,  and  send  them  to  the  office,  where  they  would 
be  paid  three  cents  a  pound  ready  cash. 

1808.  S.  &  A.  Hawley  &  Co.  erected  a  mill  at 
Moreau,  near  Fort  Edward,  New  York,  and  their 
appeal  to  the  ladies  for  their  rags  was  larded  with 
these  forcible  and  unique  blandishments : 

cc  Save  your  rags  !  This  exclamation  is  particularly 
addressed  to  the  ladies,  both  young,  old,  and  middle- 
aged,  throughout  the  northern  part  of  this  state,  by 
the  subscribers,  who  have  erected  a  paper  mill  in  the 
town  of  Moreau,  near  Fort  Edward  —  nor  is  it  thought 
that  this  appeal  to  our  fair  countrywomen  will  prove 
unavailing  when  they  reflect  that  without  their  assist- 
ance they  cannot  be  supplied  with  the  useful  article 
of  paper.  If  the  necessary  stock  is  denied  paper  mills, 
young  maids  must  languish  in  vain  for  tender  epistles 
from  their  respective  swains  ;  bachelors  may  be  re- 
duced to  tHe  necessity  of  a  personal  attendance  upon 
the  fair,  when  a  written  communication  would  be  an 
excellent  substitute.  For  clean  cotton  and  linen  rags 
of  every  color  and  description,  matrons  can  be  furnished 
with  bibles,  spectacles  and  snuff ;  mothers  with  gram- 
mars, spelling  books  and  primers  for  their  children ; 
and  young  misses  may  be  supplied  with  bonnets,  rib- 
bons and  ear-rings,  for  the  decoration  of  their  persons 
(by  means  of  which  they  may  obtain  husbands),  or 
by  sending  them  to  the  said  mill  they  may  receive 
the  cash." 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  65 

1808.  The  European  Magazine  for  November  de- 
sired porters  and  others  who  had  in  charge  the  sweep- 
ing of  shops  and  public  offices,  not  to  burn  nor  destroy 
any  coverings  of  letters,  nor  any  other  waste  paper, 
printed  or  written,  let  the  pieces  be  ever  so  small,  as 
they  could  be  remanufactured ;  and  the  saving  of  them 
would  not  only  increase  the  quantity  of  paper,  but  be 
a  handsome  perquisite  to  themselves. 

1808.  It  was  stated  that  Rees's  Encyclopedia 
printed  in  Philadelphia  at  this  time,  consumed  30,000 
reams  of  paper.  Considering  the  capacity  of  the 
mills  at  this  time  it  is  not  easy  to  imagine  how  that 
quantity  of  paper  was  procurable. 

1808.  A  paper  mill  was  built  at  Watertown,  N.  Y., 
by  Gurdon  Caswell,  from  Oneida  county ;  the  first 
paper  mill  in  the  place.  It  was  afterwards  (18 16)  sold 
to  Holbrook  &  Fessenden,  of  Brattleborough,  Vt. — 
Hough's  Jefferson  Co.^  282. 

1809.  Mr.  Dickinson,  an  English  paper  maker  of 
note,  invented  another  method  of  making  endless 
paper,  which  competed  with  the  Fourdrinier  machine. 
Instead  of  the  traveling  wire-cloth,  he  conceived  the 
plan  of  a  polished,  hollow,  brass  cylinder,  perforated 
with  holes,  and  covered  with  wire-cloth,  which  re- 
volved over  and  in  contact  with  the  prepared  pulp, 
sucking  up  the  water  by  rarefaction,  and  leaving  the 
filaments  sufficiently  strong  to  be  carried  by  the  usual 
process  to  completion. 

1809.  A  paper  mill  was  erected  near  the  Schoharie 
bridge,  New  York,  on  the  Great  Western  turnpike,  by 


66         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


Wood  &  Reddington,  and  was  ready  for  operation  in 
February. 

1810.  M.  Didot  having  failed  to  fulfill  his  obliga- 
tions to  Louis  Robert,  in  the  purchase  of  the  paper 
machine,  the  latter  instituted  a  suit  at  law,  and  re- 
covered his  patent. 

1810.  The  paper  mills  in  Massachusetts  were  con- 
structed for  two  vats  each,  and  could  make,  of  the 
various  descriptions  of  paper,  from  two  to  three  thou- 
sand reams  per  annum.  Such  a  mill  required  a  capital 
of  $10,000,  and  employed  twelve  or  more  persons, 
consisting  of  men,  boys  and  girls.  Collecting  rags 
and  making  paper  gave  an  employment  to  not  less 
than  2500  persons  at  this  time.  The  quantity  gathered 
of  rags,  old  sails,  ropes,  junk,  and  other  substances 
of  which  the  various  kinds  of  paper  were  made,  was 
computed  to  amount  to  not  less  than  3500  tons  yearly. 

18 10.  Thomas  estimated  the  number  of  paper  mills 
in  the  United  States  at  185  ;  of  which  seven  were  in 
New  Hampshire,  thirty-eight  in  Massachusetts,  four 
in  Rhode  Island,  seventeen  in  Connecticut,  nine  in 
Vermont,  twelve  in  New  York,  four  in  Delaware, 
three  in  Maryland,  four  in  Virginia,  one  in  South 
Carolina,  six  in  Kentucky,  four  in  Tennessee,  sixty 
in  Pennsylvania ;  that  they  manufactured  50,000  reams 
of  paper,  averaging  $3  a  ream,  and  weighing  about 
500  tons ;  and  70,000  reams  of  cheap  book  paper,  at 
$3.50,  weighing  630  tons  ;  111,000  reams  of  writing 
paper  at  $3,  about  650  tons  ;  and  100,000  reams  of 
Wrapping  at  83  cents  ;  besides  paper  hangings  and 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  67 

a  number  of  other  articles  sufficient  for  home  con- 
sumption. 

1 8 10.  The  Chevalier  Landolina  died  in  Sicily,  an 
antiquarian  who  maintained  that  the  ancients  used  the 
pith  of  the  papyrus  for  the  purpose  of  making  paper ; 
and  supported  his  opinion  by  ingenious  experiments 
made  with  a  plant  growing  near  Syracuse  in  that 
country,  and  which  corresponds  to  the  description 
given  by  the  ancients  of  the  papyrus. 

18 10.  The  census  returned  28  paper  mills  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  which  manufactured  77,756  reams 
of  paper,  the  average  value  of  which  was  $3  a  ream- 

1 8 10.  The  second  paper  mill  in  Columbia  county, 
N.  Y.,  was  erected  at  Stockport,  on  Kinderhook  creek, 
by  George  Chittenden,  whose  sons  continued  its  ope- 
ration until  the  death  of  George  junior,  1873. 

18 10.  The  United  States  began  to  import  rags 
largely  from  Europe.  Previous  to  this  the  materials 
for  paper  making  were  procured  in  the  country. 

181 1.  Edward  Smith  of  London  theorized  on  the 
production  of  paper  from  nettles  and  the  threads  of 
worn-out  sacks ;  originating  many  valuable  sugges- 
tions relative  to  the  manufacture. 

181 1.  Zenas  Crane,  who  built  the  first  paper  mill 
in  Dalton,  Mass.,  long  known  as  the  Berkshire  mill, 
sold  to  David  Carson,  and  erected  a  new  mill,  at  a 
lower  fall  on  the  same  stream.  These  pioneers  in  a 
sequestered  region,  gave  impetus  to  a  manufacturing 
enterprise  employing  five  hundred  men  in  1870. 
David  Carson  served  his  apprenticeship  with  Solomon 
Curtis  at  Newton,  Mass.  (see  1858). 


68  Chronoiogy  of  the  Origin  and 


1812.  Gabriel  Desetable,  of  Caen,  in  France,  pre- 
sented specimens  of  paper  made  from  straw  by  means 
of  an  instrument  said  to  be  so  simple  that  any  person 
who  pleased  could  make  paper  equal  to  the  most  prac- 
tical workman. 

18 1 2.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  the  United 
States  was  computed  to  be  190. 

18 13.  Dr.  Colquohoun  estimated  the  value  of  paper 
annually  produced  in  Great  Britain  at  ,£2,000,000 ; 
but  Mr.  Stevenson,  an  incomparably  better  authority 
upon  such  subjects,  estimated  it  at  about  half  that  sum. 

18 13.  It  was  announced  that  a  discovery  had  been 
made  of  a  method  of  preparing  paper,  on  which,  by 
writing  with  water  only,  the  impression  would  be  as 
legible  and  durable  as  with  ink.  It  soon  proved  to  be 
unworthy  of  notice. 

18 1 3.  A  machine  was  patented  in  England  for 
cutting  waste  paper,  &c,  into  shreds,  preparatory  to 
remanufacture. 

1 8 13.  The  Fourdrinier  machine  was  now  so  much 
simplified,  that  instead  of  five  men  formerly  employed 
upon  one  machine,  three  were  fully  sufficient  without 
requiring  that  degree  of  attention  and  skill  which  were 
formerly  indispensable. 

1 8 14.  Bertholet  introduced  a  new  mode  of  bleach- 
ing into  the  paper  mills  of  France,  and  important 
progress  was  made. 

1 8 14.  Alexander  of  Russia  visited  England,  and 
engaged  paper  makers  to  go  to  Russia  with  machinery, 
where  they  built  the  great  Peterhoff  manufactory. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  69 

1 8 14.  It  was  estimated  that  there  were  187  paper 
mills  in  the  United  States,  which  manufactured  annu- 
ally 340,000  reams  of  paper,  valued  at  $820,000. 

1 8 15.  The  manufacturers  of  France  began  to  de- 
vote their  exertions  to  specialties  ;  Annonay,  Angou- 
leme,  PAuvergne,  les  Vosges,  and  le  Limosin,  had 
each  its  peculiar  style  of  product.  This  precluded 
much  competition  between  different  centres  of  pro- 
duction, and  enabled  each  to  arrive  at  greater  perfec- 
tion in  its  specialty. 

18 15.  The  first  paper  machine  was  constructed  in 
France.  Although  the  idea  of  producing  an  endless 
web  of  paper  was  first  attempted  to  be  carried  out  in 
that  country  sixteen  years  before  (see  1799),  strange 
enough,  this  was  the  Fourdrinier  machine,  invented  by 
Louis  Robert,  which  had  been  improved  in  England  \ 
but  it  was  very  imperfect  when  compared  with  an  Eng- 
lish machine  imported  about  this  time  into  France. 

18 16.  It  was  a  day's  work,  at  this  time,  for  three 
men  to  manufacture  four  thousand  small  sheets  of 
paper  by  the  hand  process. 

18 16.  The  first  paper  mill  established  in  the  British 
American  provinces,  was  built  at  Lackville,  now  Bed- 
ford, Nova  Scotia,  about  eight  miles  from  Halifax,  on 
Nine-mile  river.  It  belonged  to  Thomas  Holland, 
who  carried  on  a  newspaper  at  Halifax.  It  was  a 
one-vat  mill,  producing  a  brown  paper. 

18 1 6.  A  paper  mill  went  into  operation  at  Pitts- 
burg, Pa.,  with  a  steam  engine  of  sixteen-horse  power, 
on  the  principle  of  Oliver  Evans,  which  employed 


70         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

forty  persons,  consuming  10,000  bushels  of  coal  and 
120,000  pounds  of  rags  per  annum;  and  manufac- 
tured $20,000  worth  of  paper  annually. 

1 8 16.  Of  a  quantity  of  Bibles  printed  by  the  British 
and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  one  was  found  two  years 
later  crumbling  to  dust,  although  it  had  not  been  used, 
owing  to  the  process  used  in  bleaching  the  paper  at 
the  mill. 

1 8 1 7.  Thomas  Amies,  a  noted  paper  maker  of  Phila- 
delphia, produced  a  quantity  of  paper  for  the  purpose 
of  printing  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  which  was 
designed  to  surpass  everything  that  had  been  attempted 
in  that  way  in  America.  The  mould  and  fel:s  were 
got  up  expressly  for  the  purpose,  the  size  of  the  sheet 
was  26X36  inches,  and  nothing  was  used  but  the  finest 
linen  rags.  Each  ream  weighed  140  pounds,  and  the 
price  was  $125. 

18 1 7.  Thomas  Gilpin  &  Co.,  paper  manufacturers 
at  Wilmington,  Delaware,  put  in  operation  a  machine 
for  making  paper,  at  their  mill  on  the  Brandywine, 
which  appears  by  the  notices  of  it  to  have  been  a 
cylinder  machine,  and  an  American  invention.  The 
first  paper  printed  on  the  product  of  this  machine,  was 
Poulson's  Daily  Advertiser.  It  was  stated  that  it  would 
do  the  work  of  ten  paper  vats,  and  delivered  a  sheet 
of  greater  width  than  any  other  made  in  America,  and 
of  any  length  required. —  Eminent  Philadelphia™,  411. 

18 1 7.  Mr.  Heath,  an  English  pasteboard  manufac- 
turer, first  introduced  high  glazing,  now  universally 
adopted ;  but  for  many  years  his  process  was  unknown. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  71 

1817.  E.  B.  Ball,  an  English  paper  maker,  obtained 
a  patent  for  making  paper  by  the  combination  of  new 
floss  silk,  flax,  hemp,  and  Russia  linen.  These  sub- 
stances, under  the  usual  process,  were  said  to  produce 
a  white  and  durable  paper. 

18 1 8.  Roger  Didot,  formerly  a  paper  maker  in 
France,  but  at  this  time  carrying  on  the  business  in 
England,  obtained  a  patent  for  certain  improvements 
upon  the  machine  already  in  use  for  making  wove  and 
laid  paper  in  continuous  lengths  or  separate  sheets. 

18 18.  The  Prince  of  Wales  Island  Gazette  was 
printed  on  paper  which  was  said  to  have  been  made 
from  rice,  by  which  was  probably  meant  rice  straw. 

18 1 8.  The  value  of  rags  gathered  in  the  United 
States  was  estimated  at  $900,000  per  annum. 

181 8.  A  bill  was  brought  before  congress  to  in- 
crease the  duties  on  certain  articles  manufactured  in 
America ;  among  which  were,  paper  for  copperplate 
printing,  or  writing,  12J  cts.  a  pound,  and  on  all  other 
papers  10  cts.  a  pound. 

18 18.  The  first  paper  machine  at  Berlin  in  Prussia. 

1819.  The  London  Society  for  the  Encouragement 
of  Arts  and  Manufactures,  awarded  30  guineas  to 
Mr.  Finsley,  for  the  invention  of  ivory  paper,  which 
was  said  to  possess  a  surface  having  many  of  the  pro- 
perties of  ivory,  and  at  the  same  time  the  advantage 
of  a  much  greater  surface  than  ivory  can  possibly 
furnish. 

1819.  The  paper  mill  of  Simonds,  Case  &  Co.,  in 
Farmington,  near  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  took  fire  from 


7  2         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

a  kettle  of  coals  placed  in  the  drying  room  to  force 
the  process  of  drying  a  lot  of  paper  which  had  begun 
to  mildew.    Loss  $5,000. 

1820.  Notwithstanding  the  great  benefits  derived 
by  the  perfection  of  the  Fourdrinier  paper  machine 
and  the  immense  quantity  of  paper  produced  by  these 
machines,  the  old  and  tedious  process  of  drying  in 
lofts  was  still  practiced. 

1820.  M.  Huygeron,  of  France,  secured  a  patent 
for  making  paper  from  pure  straw.  The  invention 
related  to  a  process  of  fabrication  ;  however,  a  white 
and  durable  paper  was  the  result  of  his  improvements. 

1820.  About  this  time  machinery  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  paper  began  to  be  introduced  into  the  United 
States  from  England  and  France ;  but,  being  found 
expensive,  was  not  much  encouraged.  It  is  believed 
to  have  been  first  used  by  Gilpin  on  the  Brandywine. 

1820.  Solomon  Stimpson,  of  Putney,  Vt.,  adver- 
tised that  he  had  discovered  the  art  of  making  green 
paper  for  writing  and  printing,  the  utility  of  which 
was  "  to  strengthen  and  preserve  the  eye." 

1820.  A  patent  was  granted  for  five  years  by  the 
government  of  Denmark,  to  the  inventor  of  a  mode 
of  making  paper  from  seaweed.  It  was  claimed  to 
be  whiter  and  stronger  than  the  paper  in  common  use, 
and  cheaper. 

1820.  The  paper  manufacturers  of  Baltimore  peti- 
tioned congress  for  a  tariff  of  25  per  cent  on  foreign 
paper.  Congress  was  at  this  time  using  English  paper, 
although  the  Gilpins  on  the  Brandywine,  with  a  capital 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  73 

of  half  a  million,  were  manufacturing  paper  which 
was  claimed  to  be  equally  as  good  as  the  English, 
which  they  desired  to  furnish  25  per  cent  less.1 

1820.  The  paper  manufactures  of  the  United  States 
were  estimated  at  an  annual  average  of  three  millions 
of  dollars  ;  and  the  cost  of  materials  and  labor  at  two 
millions;  employed  5000  persons,  of  which  1700 
were  males  over  16  years  of  age,  and  the  rest  women 
and  children. 

1820.  The  paper  makers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
ware, petitioning  congress  for  a  tariff  on  paper,  say 
that  in  their  district  there  were  70  paper  mills  with  95 
vats  in  operation  until  the  importations  after  the  war, 
since  which  they  had  been  reduced  to  17  vats.  When 
paper  was  taxed,  the  amount  paid  by  a  vat  was  from 
$200  to  $250.  That  these  establishments  cost  about 
$500,000,  and  had  employed  950  persons,  consuming 
2600  tons  of  rags,  and  producing  paper  to  the  amount 
of  $800,000  annually. 

1 82 1.  Fontenelle  in  France,  manufactured  paper 
from  liquorice  wood,  by  boiling  —  that  is,  by  chemical 
process.    [Query,  if  same  as  M.  Janbeaurt.] 

1 82 1.  M.  Janbeaurt,  an  inventor,  of  Marseilles, 
obtained  a  patent  in  France  for  the  production  of 
paper  from  beaten  hemp  and  liquorice  wood,  which 
were  reduced  to  a  pulp  and  prepared  for  paper  in  the 
usual  manner. 

1  It  is  said  in  Allen 's  Biog.  Dictionary  that  Simeon  and  Asa  Butler, 
of  Suffield,  Ct.,  manufactured  the  first  letter  paper  used  in  the  senate 
of  the  United  States,  the  product  of  this  country. 

7 


74  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 82 1.  A  very  useful  improvement  was  added  to  the 
paper  machine  by  T.  B.  Crompton,  of  England,  who 
obtained  a  patent  for  drying  and  finishing  paper  by 
means  of  a  cloth  against  heated  cylinders,  and  the 
application  of  a  pair  of  shears  to  cut  the  paper  off 
into  suitable  lengths,  as  it  issued  from  the  machine  or 
rollers.  The  paper  was  much  better  finished  and  cut 
than  had  been  found  possible  until  this  improvement. 

1 82 1.  A  paper  mill  containing  two  vats,  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire  at  Esperance,  Schoharie  county,  N.  Y., 
owned  by  Henry  W.  Starin. 

1821.  England  produced  48,204,927  pounds  of 
paper. 

1822.  A  flood  of  unprecedented  violence  in  the 
Brandywine  carried  away  the  extensive  paper  mill  of 
the  Messrs.  Gilpin,  although  the  building  in  which 
their  costly  machinery  was  placed,  had  been  erected, 
it  was  thought,  beyond  all  possibility  of  danger  from 
such  a  cause,  and  had  been  guarded  by  every  precau- 
tion which  anxiety  and  mechanical  skill  could  suggest. 
The  flood  rose  to  the  top  of  the  building.  For  two 
days  the  whirling  torrent  swept  along  with  fearful 
turbulence,  and  when  the  water  at  length  subsided, 
the  edifice  itself  was  a  mass  of  ruins.  Buried  beneath 
these,  the  fragments  of  machinery,  broken  into  shape- 
less parts,  could  hardly  be  recognized,  and  the  costly 
portions,  framed  with  necessary  delicacy  and  minute- 
ness, had  totally  disappeared.  The  labor  of  years  and 
the  expenditure  of  thousands  of  dollars  had  vanished 
in  a  moment.    Advanced  in  years,  Mr.  Gilpin  looked 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  75 

upon  the  wreck  of  his  exertions  and  the  injury  to  his 
fortune,  with  a  certainty  that  he  could  not  hope  to 
replace  what  he  had  so  suddenly  lost. —  Eminent  Phila- 
delphians,  p.  411. 

1822.  The  Philadelphia  publishers  consumed 
30,000  reams  of  paper  in  printing  Rees's  Cyclopedia, 
It  was  the  largest  work  in  the  English  language. 

1822.  The  paper  makers  united  with  the  printers 
and  booksellers  in  memorializing  congress  not  to  re- 
duce the  duty  on  imported  books,  stating  that  the 
cash  value  of  books  manufactured  in  this  country  was 
considerably  more  than  a  million  of  dollars  annually 
(every  article  used  in  which  was  manufactured  here), 
and  a  very  important  item,  rags,  of  no  value  whatever, 
except  for  this  purpose. 

1822.  John  Ames  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  produced 
a  cylinder  machine,  which  it  was  thought  would  have 
great  success. 

1822.  An  extensive  paper  mill  on  Bronx  river,  New 
York,  owned  by  David  Lydig,  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
with  all  the  machinery  and  a  large  quantity  of  paper 
stock.    It  was  insured  for  $32,000. 

1823.  A  roll  of  papyrus  measuring  eleven  inches  in 
length  and  five  in  circumference  was  discovered  in  the 
island  of  Elephanta,  in  the  East  Indies.  It  contained 
a  portion  of  the  Illiad  written  in  large  capitals,  such  as 
were  in  use  during  the  time  of  the  Ptolemies  and 
under  the  earlier  Roman  emperors. 

1823.  I*  was  complained  by  the  newspapers  that 
congress  was  using  paper  with  a  French  water  mark, 
44  Napoleon  empereur  et  roi,  1813." 


76  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1823.  There  were  192  paper  merchants  in  France. 

1823.  France  possessed  only  one  manufactory  of  the 
papier  continue,  that  of  M.  Canson,  at  Annonay,  who 
had  one  of  the  Fourdrinier  machines,  made  in  England. 

1823.  A  manufactory  of  straw  paper  was  established 
at  Okainon,  near  Warsaw,  by  Asile  Henrick,  who 
proposed  to  make  paper  suitable  for  roofing,  which 
should  be  fire  and  water  proof.  The  finer  qualities 
were  expected  to  diminish  the  cost  of  paper. —  Revue 
Bib.  du  Pays  Bas,  ii,  224. 

1823.  The  paper  makers  of  England  were  in  the 
practice  of  using  sulphate  of  lime  and  gypsum  in  the 
manufacture  of  paper  to  give  it  weight,  to  the  extent 
of  12  per  cent.  This  is  the  first  complaint  of  the 
kind  heard  of. —  Hansard,  232. 

1823.  It  has  been  claimed  that  the  first  paper  mill 
in  Pittsburg,  Penn.,  was  built  this  year,  but  the  fact 
has  been  questioned. 

1823.  A  paper  mill  was  erected  in  England  for  the 
purpose  of  manufacturing  paper  from  old  sacks,  ropes, 
&c.  The  paper  produced  was  used  only  for  wrap- 
ping purposes. 

1824.  M.  Laferet,  of  France,  obtained  a  patent  for 
making  paper  of  beaten  hemp,  macerated  in  water. 
The  Japanese  macerate  the  same  substance  in  lime- 
water. 

1824.  J.  McGuaran  patented  in  England  a  mode 
of  producing  paper  from  hop-vines,  which  was  of  a 
dusky-brown  color,  and  employed  for  wrapping.  The 
vines  were  immersed  in  water,  by  which  the  rind  was 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  77 

separated  from  the  woody  portion,  when  it  was  cut  in 
small  pieces  and  sent  to  the  engine. 

1824.  A.  Nesbit  procured  a  patent  in  England  for 
a  mode  of  producing  paper  from  moss,  which  afforded 
a  pulp  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  coarse  paper. 

1824.  A  beautiful  paper  was  produced  by  the  Japan- 
ese at  this  time  from  the  mulberry  tree,  which  was 
also  of  an  excellent  quality.  It  was  prepared  for 
manufacture  in  the  usual  manner. 

1824.  Louis  Lambert,  a  Frenchman,  took  out  a 
patent  in  England  for  certain  improvements  in  the 
material  and  manufacture  of  paper.  They  consisted 
in  reducing  straw  to  pulp  and  extracting  the  coloring 
and  other  deleterious  matter,  so  that  it  could  be  intro- 
duced into  the  ordinary  rag  engine,  and  employed  in 
making  paper. 

1824.  The  Sieur  Brepols,  manufacturer  of  colored 
paper  at  Turnhout,  in  Belgium,  produced  in  great 
perfection  a  style  of  paper  which  was  termed  veau 
vacine  at  from  80  to  100  francs  per  ream  of  grand 
raisin  size. —  Rev.  Bib.  du  Pays  Bas,  iii,  128. 

1825.  A  paper  mill  was  erected  at  South  Hadley 
falls  on  the  Connecticut  river,  in  Mass.,  which  fur- 
nished newspaper  of  an  inferior  quality,  for  a  paper  at 
Greenfield,  the  other  two  papers  there  still  using  hand- 
made paper. 

1825.  William  Van  Houten,  a  Hollander,  had  a 
patent  taken  out  in  England,  for  a  mode  of  manufac- 
turing moss  into  paper  and  felt.  He  had  patented 
the  same  in  France  a  year  earlier. 


78  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1825.  One  of  the  paper  mills  belonging  to  Messrs. 
T.  &  J.  Gilpin,  on  the  Brandywine,  was  destroyed 
by  fire. 

1825.  Messrs.  D.  &  J.  Ames,  Springfield,  Mass., 
were  said  to  have  the  most  extensive  paper  manufac- 
tory in  the  United  States  ;  employing  12  engines,  and 
more  than  100  females,  besides  the  requisite  number 
of  males.  Their  business  was  successful  for  a  few 
years.  They  furnished  paper  for  the  temperance  pub- 
lications of  E.  C.  Delavan  ;  also  for  the  first  edition 
of  Webster's  quarto  Dictionary,  when  their  losses  and 
misfortunes  began.—  Paper  Trade  Journal  May  1, 

1874. 

1825.  Specimens  of  brown  wrapping  and  bleached 
and  unbleached  writing  papers  were  exhibited  in 
Boston,  which  were  manufactured  in  England  from 
pine  shavings.  The  fabric  was  said  to  be  firmer  than 
that  of  any  paper  manufactured  from  the  ordinary 
materials. 

1826.  A  letter  from  Paris  states  that  "There  is 
much  talk  here  about  a  new  sort  of  paper,  made  of 
hemp  stock,  which  is  to  be  so  cheap  that  a  handsome 
octavo  volume  of  420  pages,  manufactured  of  it,  may 
be  sold  for  about  is.  2^d.  sterling. 

1826.  About  this  time  a  Mr.  Sharp  took  out  a 
patent  in  England  for  a  mode  of  manufacturing  paper 
of  pine  shavings.    He  had  a  mill  at  Hampshire. 

1826.  M.  Canson,  of  France,  applied  to  the  Four- 
drinier  machine  the  principle  of  Mr.  Dickinson,  of 
England,  of  rarefying  the  air  below  the  surface  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  79 

the  web  (see  1809),  by  means  of  suction  pumps  ;  an 
improvement  which  he  kept  secret  for  six  years. 

1826.  Cappucius  Brothers,  paper  makers  of  Turin, 
Italy,  found  the  poplar  and  other  kinds  of  wood  well 
adapted  for  pulp,  and  on  the  report  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  of  the  excellent  quality  of  the  writing, 
printing  and  wrapping  paper  made  of  those  woods, 
the  king  granted  the  makers  an  exclusive  privilege  for 
ten  years  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  from  ligneous 
materials. 

1826.  M.  Firmin  Didot  introduced  into  his  mill  at 
Mesnil,  the  drying  process  invented  by  Mr.  Crompton, 
of  England,  which  was  the  first  employment  of  it  in 
France. 

1826.  The  first  machine  for  making  paper  that  was 
put  up  in  Denmark,  was  built  this  year  by  Messrs. 
Donkin,  of  England.  The  first  paper-mill  in  that 
country  had  been  established  at  Fredericksburg  by 
order  of  Christian  III. 

1826.  There  were  80  printing  offices  in  the  city  of 
Paris  besides  the  government  establishment,  which 
consumed  280,800  reams  of  paper  annually. 

1827.  Messrs.  Canson  Brothers,  paper-makers  of 
Annonay,  in  France,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  method 
of  sizing  paper.  With  respect  to  sizing  machine- 
made  paper,  it  is  well  known  that  sizing  in  the  vat 
offers  many  advantages  ;  but  as  a  gelatine  can  not  be 
employed  without  injury  to  the  felt  during  the  process 
of  manufacturing  paper,  substitutes  for  gelatine  were 
desirable.    The  base  used  by  M.  Canson  was  wax. 


8o  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


M.  Delcambre  in  the  same  year  made  another,  the 
base  of  which  was  rosin. 

1827.  A  three  story  brick  building,  occupied  as  a 
store  house  for  paper  and  rags  at  the  South  Hadley 
canal,  on  the  Connecticut  river,  in  Massachusetts,  was 
accidentally  burnt,  24th  July,  with  most  of  its  con- 
tents \  damage  upwards  of  $6,000. 

1827.  Mr.  Obry  conceived  a  plan  of  using  alum  and 
rosin  previously  dissolved  in  soda,  and  combining  it 
with  potato  starch,  for  the  purpose  of  sizing  paper  in 
the  vat,  which  is  the  method  now  generally  followed 
in  France  for  writing  and  printing  papers. 

1827.  MM.  Firmin  Didot  Brothers  and  Lefevre 
established  the  first  paper  machine,  under  a  patent  of 
importation,  in  Sicily. 

1827.  White  &  Gale,  of  Vermont,  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  mode  of  finishing  paper. 

1827.  Louis  Pierre  Poisson,  of  Paris,  obtained  a 
patent  in  France,  for  a  process  of  making  paper  of 
liquorice  root  and  paste-board  scraps  ;  which  were 
mixed  together,  macerated,  and  converted  into  paper 
in  the  usual  manner. 

1827.  Pierr*e  Balilliat,  of  Macon,  in  France,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  a  chemical  substance  to  substitute 
for  linen  rags  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

1827.  A  patent  was  granted  to  the  Count  de  la 
Garde,  in  England,  for  a  method  of  making  paper 
of  various  descriptions,  from  the  bullen  or  ligneous 
parts  obtained  from  certain  textile  plants,  which  were 
prepared  by  a  rural  mechanical  brake  ;  which  sub- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  81 

stances  were  to  be  used  alone  in  making  paper,  or 
mixed  with  other  suitable  articles,  such  as  refuse  paper 
and  rags. 

1827.  Benjamin  Devaux,  of  Paris,  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  mode  of  making  paper  and  pasteboard  of  hemp. 

1827.  The  paper-mill  of  E.  Peck  &  Co.,  of 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  with  a  quan- 
tity of  paper  and  rags,  Dec.  21 :  loss  about  $6,000,  half 
insured. 

1827.  William  Van  Houten  made  experiments  with 
moss,  and  succeeded  in  producing  paper  from  it.  He 
had  taken  out  patents  in  England  and  France  two 
years  before.    (See  1825.) 

1827.  There  were  but  four  paper  machines  in 
France,  although  one  had  been  introduced  there  in 
1815,  and  they  had  now  been  used  in  England  about 
twenty-five  years. 

1827.  William  Magaw,  of  Meadville,  Pa.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  a  mode  of  preparing  hay,  straw,  or  other 
vegetable  substances,  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  ; 
which  was  represented  as  being  of  a  yellow  color, 
but  even  and  strong,  and  receiving  the  ink  as  well  as 
common  writing  paper. 

1828.  Paper  was  made  at  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  from 
straw  and  blue  grass,  according  to  a  patent  obtained 
by  William  Magaw.  The  paper  was  said  to  be  firm 
and  strong,  and  that  machinery  was  being  constructed 
sufficient  to  make  300  reams  a  day. 

1828.  It  was  estimated  that  the  newspapers  printed 
in  New  York  consumed  15,000  reams  of  paper  a  year, 


82  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


worth  from  four  to  five  dollars  a  ream.  And  that 
the  newspapers  in  the  whole  United  States  required 
104,400  reams,  the  cost  of  which  was  $500,000. 

1828.  James  Palmer,  an  English  paper  manufac- 
turer, obtained  a  patent  for  the  invention  of  certain 
improvements  in  the  moulds,  or  other  apparatus  for 
making  paper. 

1828.  George  Dickinson,  an  English  paper  manu- 
facturer, obtained  a  patent  for  improvements  in  paper- 
making  machinery,  which  came  into  extensive  use. 
The  lateral  shaking  motion  of  the  wire-web  in  the 
Fourdrinier  machine,  as  originally  made,  was  injurious 
to  the  fabric  of  the  paper,  by  bringing  its  fibres  more 
closely  together  breadthwise  than  lengthwise,  thus 
tending  to  produce  long  ribs  or  thick  streaks  in  its 
substance.  This  he  proposed  to  obviate  by  giving  a 
rapid  up  and  down  movement  to  the  traveling  web  of 
pulp.  A  similar  contrivance  was  introduced  by  Mr. 
Donkin,  in  which  the  vibrations  were  actuated  in  a 
much  more  mechanical  way. 

1828.  Elisha  Hayden  Collier,  of  Plymouth  county, 
Mass.,  obtained  a  patent  for  the  invention  of  a  mode 
of  manufacturing  paper  from  a  marine  production, 
called  ulva  marina. 

1828.  Moses  Y.  Beach,  of  Springfield,  Mass., 
afterwards  publisher  of  The  Sun  newspaper  in  New 
York,  invented  a  machine  for  cutting  rags  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  paper,  for  which  he  obtained  a  patent. 

1828.  Victor  Odent,  of  Courtalin,  in  France,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  a  machine  to  manufacture  paper 
with  economy  and  ease. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  83 

1828.  Prof.  Cowper,  of  England,  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  paper  cutting  machine.  As  other  machines 
were  introduced,  his  ingenious  arrangement  ceased  to 
be  used  except  as  a  model  for  others  to  improve  upon. 

1828.  Richard  Waterman  and  George  W.  Annis, 
of  Providence,  R.  I.,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  mode  of 
making  double  paper.  It  consisted  in  bringing  a  sheet 
previously  formed  in  contact  with  the  stuff  on  the  felt, 
and  passing  both  between  the  press  rollers.  They 
claimed  that  any  number  of  thicknesses  might  be 
treated  in  that  way  successfully. 

1828.  T.  B.  Crompton  and  Enoch  Miller  obtained 
a  patent  for  cutting  the  endless  web  of  paper  length- 
wise, by  revolving  circular  blades,  fixed  upon  a  roller 
parallel  to  a  cylinder,  round  which  the  paper  was 
lapped,  and  progressively  unwound. 

1828.  This  21st  November,  says  Cobbett,  I  have 
not  only  received  a  parcel  of  paper  made  of  the  husks 
of  my  corn,  but  have  sent  it  to  have  printed  on  it  the 
title  page  of  this  very  book.  He  alludes  to  his 
Treatise  on  Corny  an  unique  work  on  this  account. 

1828.  April  16.  The  paper  mill  of  Goss  &  Reed, 
at  Montpelier,  Vt.,  took  fire  while  the  workmen  were 
at  breakfast,  and  was  damaged  to  the  extent  of  about 
$3,000  y  partly  insured. 

1828.  A  paper  mill  was  erected  at  Camden,  Maine, 
by  Ebenezer  Barrett  and  John  Swann,  at  a  cost  of 
$5,000.  They  manufactured  $40  worth  of  paper  a 
day.    It  was  burnt  in  1841. 

1828.  Cyprian  Prosper  Brard,  of  Frejus,  in  France, 


84  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


obtained  a  patent  for  a  mode  of  making  paper  from 
decayed  wood,  which  was  converted  into  pulp,  and 
mixed  with  old  waste  paper. 

1828.  Mason  Hunting,  of  Watertown,  Mass.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  an  improved  top-press  roller,  by 
means  of  which  paper  of  any  thickness  might  be  made 
by  a  single  and  simple  operation. 

1828.  A  mode  of  sizing,  glazing  and  beautifying 
paper  was  patented  in  England,  which  consisted  of 
the  use  of  a  fluid  compound  of  alkalies  dissolved  in 
water  with  beeswax  and  alum. 

1828.  A  patent  was  taken  out  in  France  by  Berna- 
dotte  and  others,  for  a  mode  of  making  paper  of  animal 
substances,  called  aporentype. 

1828.  Marsden  Haddock,  of  New  York,  obtained 
a  patent  for  a  machine  to  manufacture  paper  in  the 
sheet  by  the  dipping  process.  It  seems  to  have  been 
a  mode  of  dipping  faster  than  by  the  old  hand  process. 

1829.  William  Debit,  of  East  Hartford,  Ct.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  a  machine  for  cleansing  rags  and 
preparing  them  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

1829.  Feb.  A  paper  mill  at  Milton,  Vt.,  owned 
by  Ayres,  and  occupied  by  Wellington  &  Hunting, 
was  totally  consumed  by  fire  at  night.  The  loss  was 
computed  at  $5,000,  on  which  there  was  an  insurance 
of  $2,800. 

1829.  John  Dickinson,  an  English  paper  manufac- 
turer, obtained  a  patent  for  a  new  improvement  in  the 
method  of  manufacturing  paper  by  machinery,  and  also 
a  new  method  of  cutting  paper  and  other  materials  into 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  85 

single  sheets  or  pieces  by  means  of  machinery.  He 
also  announced  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  which  consisted  of  introducing  cotton,  flaxen, 
or  silken  thread,  web,  or  lace,  into  the  paper,  in  such 
a  way  as  to  form  the  inner  part. 

1829.  John  W.  Cooper,  of  Washington  township, 
obtained  a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  art  of 
making  white  paper  from  rags  of  cotton,  linen  or  silk, 
be  their  colors  ever  so  various,  and  of  extracting  from 
all  kinds  of  rags  all  kinds  of  mineral  colors,  &c,  &c. 

1829.  Rondeaux  &  Henn  patented  in  France  a  pro- 
cess of  making  paper  from  leather  cuttings,  mixed 
with  refuse  paper.    (See  1790.) 

1829.  Messrs.  Sprague,  paper-makers  at  Fredonia, 
New  York,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  mode  of  making 
paper  from  husks  of  Indian  corn.  Their  process  was, 
to  128  gallons  of  water,  put  10  quarts  of  good  lime,  or 
6  pounds  of  good  alkalies,  and  no  pounds  of  clean 
corn  husks  or  flag  leaves ;  heat  over  a  moderate  fire 
two  hours,  when  they  will  be  ready  for  the  engine. 

1829.  Louis  Bomeisler,  of  Philadelphia,  obtained  a 
patent  for  making  from  straw,  white  and  handsome 
writing  paper.  From  120  pounds  of  straw,  after  the 
knobs  were  cut  off,  he  claimed  that  he  could  produce 
100  pounds  of  pulp,  which  would  make  fine,  white  and 
handsome  writing  paper,  not  before  known  or  used. 

1829.  Isaac  Saunderson,  of  Milton,  Mass.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  improvements  in  the  cylinder  machine, 
which  obviated  the  defect  of  cylinder-made  paper,  the 
inequality  of  its  strength  when  tried  lengthwise  and 


86  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


across,  in  consequence  of  the  greater  number  of  fibres 
running  in  one  direction  than  the  other,  and  a  conse- 
quent want  of  that  perfect  interlocking  which  takes 
place  upon  mould-made  paper.  To  effect  this  im- 
provement he  introduced  a  horizontal  whirl-wheel, 
and  sheet-forming  rollers,  by  which  he  was  enabled  to 
manufacture  press  papers,  pasteboard,  and  bandbox 
paper. 

1829.  Reuben  Fairchild,  of  Trumbull,  Ct.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  mode  of 
manufacturing  paper,  the  object  of  which  was  to  obvi- 
ate the  defect  in  the  paper  made  upon  cylinder  machines, 
in  its  being  easily  torn  in  one  direction,  in  consequence 
of  the  fibres  being  mostly  arranged  longitudinally 
with  the  length  of  the  sheet.  The  improvement 
was  effected  by  what  was  called  an  agitator,  a  semi- 
cylindrical  cradle  of  metal  lying  in  the  vat,  and 
vibrating  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  cylinder. 
Culver  &  Cole,  of  Massachusetts,  applied  at  the  same 
time  for  a  patent  for  a  machine  identical  in  principle 
with  the  above,  but  afterwards  arranged  a  mutual 
ownership. 

1829.  The  excise  duty  on  paper  in  England 
amounted  to  £728,000. 

1829.  Julien  obtained  a  patent  in  France  for  a 
mode  of  manufacturing  paper  from  hay  ;  also  for  a 
process  of  coloring  paper. 

1829.  PaPer  was  obtained  from  the  maguey  in 
Mexico,  equal  to  that  made  of  rags  ;  and  congress 
passed  a  law  prohibiting  the  government  from  using 
any  other  paper. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  87 

1829.  Quirini  obtained  a  patent  in  France  for  the 
production  of  paper  from  straw  and  refuse  pasteboard. 

1829.  The  paper-makers  of  Turin,  during  this  and 
the  previous  year,  produced  various  qualities  of  paper 
from  willow  twigs,  poplar,  &c,  which  were  extensively 
used.  Schaffers  had  made  the  same  experiment  more 
than  sixty  years  earlier.    (See  1765,  1772.) 

1829.  The  French  paper  makers  sought  for  the 
Fourdrinier  paper  machine  in  England  alone,  and  a 
French  author  makes  the  following  painful  acknow- 
ledgment for  his  countrymen  :  "  La  construction  de 
ces  machines,  qui  n'offre  pourtant  rien  de  difficile,  est 
restee  jusq'a  ce  jour  exclusivement  dans  les  mains  des 
Anglaise." 

1829.  It  is  stated  that  a  French  paper  machine  was 
introduced  into  Windham,  Conn.,  which  is  now  used 
in  the  best  mills  in  that  state. 

1829.  Thomas  Cobb,  of  England,  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  mode  of  manufacturing  tinted  paper  and  emboss- 
ing during  the  process  of  making,  by  pressing  the 
pulp  between  rollers  or  plates,  engraved  with  suitable 
devices.  He  claimed  to  have  invented  a  mode  of 
producing  an  embossed  surface,  giving  a  beautiful 
effect  to  papers  colored  in  the  pulp,  and  not  stained 
after  the  paper  is  made,  as  usual  with  paper  hangings  ; 
and  by  which  also  silks,  velvets,  or  other  colored  goods 
could  be  put  upon  the  surface  of  paper,  and  when 
embossed  produced  a  rich  and  beautiful  appearance. 

1829.  There  were  about  60  paper  mills  in  Massa- 
chusetts, six  of  which  had  machines.    They  were  all 


88  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


supposed  to  consume  about  1,700  tons  of  rags,  &c, 
and  produced  about  $700,000  worth  of  paper  in  a  year. 

1829.  Montgolfier  introduced  a  new  fabric  called 
papier  linge,  for  table  cloths  and  hangings,  which  was 
said  to  be  as  soft  to  the  touch  as  the  finest  Silesian 
linen,  but  sold  at  Lyons  for  the  price  of  mere  paper. 
They  were  made  in  imitation  of  silk,  or  stamped  with 
the  most  graceful  arabesques,  and  sold  at  four  and  five 
sous  the  French  yard. 

1829.  G.  A.  Shryock,  of  Philadelphia,  claimed  to 
have  been  the  first  in  this  or  any  other  country,  to 
manufacture  by  machinery,  paper  and  boards  from 
various  kinds  of  straw  and  grass,  which  he  did  in  this 
year  upon  a  cylinder  machine. 

1829.  Straw  paper  was  used  for  packing  Nilesys 
W eekly  Register,  which  circulated  to  the  remotest  parts 
of  the  country,  and  was  regarded  as  the  best  paper 
then  made  for  that  purpose,  and  was  cheap.  It  was 
manufactured  at  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  at  less  than  $2 
a  ream,  imperial  size,  and  was  machine-made. 

1829.  I*  was  estimated  that  the  quantity  of  paper 
manufactured  in  the  United  States  amounted  to  nearly 
seven  millions  of  dollars,  and  employed  more  than  ten 
thousand  persons.  The  quantity  of  rags  and  paper- 
stock  saved  annually  was  computed  to  be  two  millions 
of  dollars  in  value. 

1830.  A  French  writer  states  that  at  this  time  the 
English  introduced  a  mode  of  sizing  their  paper,  which 
gave  it  a  great  advantage  over  the  French  ;  that  the 
house  of  Lacroix,  however,  soon  acquired  the  process, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Pape  r Making.  89 

which  was  in  vogue  as  long  as  the  manufacture  by 
hand  was  continued.  It  was  about  this  time  that  the 
struggle  began  in  competition  with  machinery,  and  the 
victory  of  the  latter  was  not  decided  until  some  years, 
to  such  perfection  had  the  hand  process  attained.  The 
French  seem  to  have  introduced  sizing  before  this 
time.    (See  1827.) 

1830.  M.  Brand,  a  French  officer,  made  successful 
experiments  in  producing  coarse  paper  from  the  pine 
tree,  an  account  of  which  was  published  in  the  Courier 
Francaise  of  Nov.  27,  1830,  issued  in  New  York  city. 

1830.  At  Whitehall  mill,  in  Derbyshire,  England, 
a  sheet  of  paper  was  manufactured  which  measured 
13,800  feet  in  length,  and  4  feet  in  breadth. 

1830.  At  the  custom  house  in  London,  a  duty  of 
£2,200  was  levied  on  rags  ;  £  1,400  on  superior  kinds 
of  papers  for  artists  ;  and  £701,000  upon  paper. 

1830.  Wooster  &  Holmes  of  Meadville,  Pa.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  mode  of 
making  paper  from  wood,  by  which  one  hundred 
pounds  of  wood  should  be  productive  of  from  five  to 
seven  reams  of  paper,  according  to  their  estimates. 

1830.  Joseph  E.  Holmes  and  Lewis  Wooster,  of 
Ohio,  manufactured  paper  of  the  lime  and  aspen,  upon 
which  an  edition  of  the  Crawford  Messenger  was 
printed.  They  also  made  wrapping  paper  and  book- 
board  of  superior  quality.  They  had  a  process  of 
reducing  wood  to  shavings  with  great  rapidity.  But 
Magaw,  who  had  obtained  a  patent  for  making  paper 
of  "  straw  and  other  vegetable  substances,"  claimed 
8 


90  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

that  their  use  of  alkalies  was  an  infringement  of  his 
patent,  and  the  process  was  abandoned. 

1830.  Richard  Ibotson,  of  England,  invented  an 
apparatus  for  separating  the  knots  from  paper-stuff, 
which  the  sieves  or  strainers  in  use  were  inadequate  to 
do  effectually.  It  superseded  the  operation  of  picking 
the  lumps  from  paper  after  it  was  made,  which  caused 
much  damaged  paper,  and  freed  it  from  imperfections 
that  caused  serious  damage  to  types  and  wood  cuts. 

1830.  About  this  time  Messrs.  Phelps  and  Spafford, 
of  Connecticut,  succeeded  in  constructing  paper  ma- 
chines which  did  good  execution. 

1830.  Ephraim  F.  and  Thomas  Blank,  of  the  city 
of  New  York,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  composition 
called  leather  paper.  The  art  consisted  of  making 
paper  from  the  refuse  shavings  or  parings  of  leather, 
adapted  to  sheathing  vessels.  The  process  was  the 
same  as  with  rags. 

1830.  S.  Aimes's  paper  mills  near  Philadelphia, 
were  destroyed  by  fire  (May  10). 

1830.  Mr.  Sanderson,  owner  of  a  mill  at  Milton, 
Mass.,  manufactured  binders'  boards  from  three  differ- 
ent kinds  of  salt  grass,  which  grew  in  abundance  near 
his  mill ;  for  which  he  obtained  a  patent. 

1830.  John  Hall  obtained  a  patent  in  England  for 
a  modification  of  Dickinson's  cylinder-mould  con- 
tinuous paper  machine,  communicated  to  him  by  a 
foreigner.  The  leading  feature  of  the  invention  was 
a  mode  of  supplying  the  vat  in  which  the  wire  cylinder 
is  immersed,  with  a  copious  flow  of  water,  for  the 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  91 

purpose  of  creating  a  considerable  pressure  upon  the 
external  surface  of  the  cylinder,  and  thereby  causing 
the  fibres  of  the  paper-pulp  to  adhere  to  the  mould. 

1830.  John  Wilks,  an  English  machinist,  improved 
the  Fourdrinier  machine  by  adding  a  perforated  roller 
to  facilitate  the  escape  of  the  water  from  the  pulp-web, 
previously  to  its  being  subjected  to  the  pressing  rollers, 
which  was  denominated  a  dandy. 

1830.  John  Dickinson,  of  England,  patented  a 
mode  of  making  paper  in  two  layers  or  strata,  which 
were  brought  together  on  the  second  cylinder,  and 
formed  into  a  single  substance,  a  mode  chiefly  advan- 
tageous in  producing  thick  paper. 

1830.  A  patent  was  granted  to  Thomas  &  Wood- 
cock, of  Brattleborough,  Vt.,  for  an  improvement  in 
the  manufacture  of  paper  by  means  of  a  machine 
called  a  pulp-dresser. 

1830.  Thomas  Gilpin,  of  Philadelphia,  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  mode  of  finishing 
paper,  which  consisted  of  calenders,  or  cylinders  be- 
tween which  the  paper  passed  to  give  it  a  polished 
surface. 

1830.  Thomas  Barratt,  an  English  paper  maker, 
obtained  a  patent  for  inserting  the  water-mark  and 
maker's  name  to  continuous  paper,  so  as  to  resemble 
in  every  respect  paper  made  by  hand.  It  is  to  this 
ingenious  man  that  we  are  indebted  for  the  improved 
means  of  finishing  paper,  owing  to  the  perfection  he 
attained  in  making  cast  iron  rollers  truer  than  was 
possible  by  the  old  mode  of  turning  them  in  a  lathe. 


92  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


This  consisted  in  grinding  the  rollers  together,  allow- 
ing merely  a  small  stream  of  water  to  flow  over  them, 
without  emery  or  any  other  grinding  material ;  and 
by  continuing  the  operation  for  many  weeks,  true 
cylinders  were  obtained.  This  is  the  mode  now 
adopted  in  finishing  rollers  for  all  purposes  requiring 
great  accuracy. 

1 83 1.  Jean  Jaques  Jaquier  obtained  a  patent  for 
making  continuous  paper  with  wire  marks,  similar  to 
the  laid  papers  usually  made  by  hand  ;  to  which  the 
preference  was  still  given  for  their  greater  strength 
and  peculiar  appearance. 

1 83 1.  Frederick  A.  Taft,  of  Dedham,  Mass., 
patented  an  improvement  in  making  pasteboard  of 
other  paper  intended  for  sheathing. 

1 83 1.  The  Annsville  paper  mill,  owned  by  Gen. 
Pierre  Van  Cortlandt,  of  Westchester  Co.,  N.  Y., 
and  occupied  by  Mr.  Ritter,  was  destroyed  by  fire  on 
the  15th  March,  with  a  loss  of  $3,000,  and  no  in- 
surance. 

1 83 1.  May  10.  The  steam  paper  mill  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  occupied  by  J.  Kellogg,  was  destroyed  by 
fire.    The  loss  was  estimated  at  $7,000 ;  no  insurance. 

1 83 1.  The  Franklin  Repository,  printed  at  Cham- 
bersburg,  Pa.,  announced  that  there  was  being  erected 
in  that  borough,  a  mill  house  1 50  feet  long  by  50  wide, 
and  three  stories  high,  in  which  it  was  contemplated 
to  place  eight  machines,  for  the  manufacture  of  straw 
paper,  to  go  into  operation  the  following  spring. 

1 83 1.  Edward  Pine,  of  Troy,  patented  a  machine 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  93 

for  cutting  paper  made  by  cylinder  machines,  while 
it  was  wet. 

1 83 1.  George  Carvil,  of  Manchester,  Ct.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  a  mode  of  cleaning  rags.  His  apparatus 
was  a  common  screen,  with  or  without  pins  and  knives, 
having  wings  composed  of  thin  pieces  of  wood  or 
metal,  affixed  upon  its  outside,  extending  from  end  to 
end,  in  order  to  create  a  wind  by  their  motion. 

183 1.  An  impetus  was  now  given  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  paper  in  the  United  States,  by  the  recent  in- 
troduction of  machinery,  and  changes  in  the  mode  of 
manufacture,  as  well  as  the  materials  used.  Old  junk, 
rope,  hemp,  tow,  bagging,  raw  cotton,  cotton  waste, 
colored  and  filthy  rags,  and  other  material  which  had 
previously  only  been  used  in  the  making  of  coarser 
papers,  were  gradually  brought  into  use  for  the  finest 
grades,  by  the  introduction  of  chlorine  and  other 
means  of  cleansing  and  bleaching,  until  they  had  risen 
300  per  cent  in  value. 

1 83 1.  E.  N.  Fourdrinier  invented  a  very  ingenious 
apparatus  for  cutting  the  web  of  paper  transversely 
into  any  desired  lengths,  which  performed  its  duty  well. 

1 83 1.  Mr.  Turner,  an  English  paper-maker,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  a  peculiar  strainer,  designed  to 
arrest  the  lumps  mixed  with  the  finer  paper-pulp, 
whereby  he  could  dispense  with  the  usual  vat  and  hog 
in  which  the  pulp  is  agitated  immediately  before  it  is 
floated  upon  the  endless  wire  web  of  the  Fourdrinier 
apparatus.  It  could  also  be  applied  advantageously  to 
hand  paper  machines. 


94  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 83 1 .  The  chijfonniers,  or  rag  collectors  of  Paris,  rose 
against  the  police  because  it  was  ordered  in  certain 
municipal  regulations,  that  the  filth  of  the  streets  should 
be  taken  away  in  carts,  without  time  being  allowed  for 
its  examination  by  those  diligent  savers  of  capital. 

1 83 1 .  John  Ames,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  introduced 
a  wire  cloth  cylinder  for  carrying  off  the  dirt  and  filth 
which  is  beaten  from  the  rags  in  the  engine,  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  screens  or  washers  then  in  use. 

1 83 1 .  There  were  about  600  persons  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  paper  in  Ireland. 

1832.  James  Sawyer,  of  Newbury,  Vt.,  took  out  a 
patent  for  a  machine  for  cleansing  paper,  called  the 
piston  pulp-strainer,  which  differed  in  its  mode  of 
action  from  that  of  Thomas  L.  Woodcock. 

1832.  Francis  Goucher,  of  Pennsylvania,  made  an 
improvement  in  the  machinery  for  washing  pulp,  for 
which  he  took  out  a  patent. 

1832.  April  14.  The  paper  manufactory  of  Taft, 
in  Dedham,  Mass.,  was  burnt. 

1832.  Samuel  Foster,  of  Brattleborough,  Vt.,  intro- 
duced a  machine  for  cleaning  and  dusting  rags. 

1832.  Nearly  12,000  quintals  of  paper  were  im- 
ported into  Germany  to  supply  the  deficiency  of  its 
manufacture. 

1832.  Thomas  French,  of  Ithaca,  patented  a  filtering 
machine,  which  was  designed  to  supersede  the  pulp- 
dresser. 

1832.  John  Ames,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  mode  of  sizing  paper 
by  machinery,  and  for  a  pulp-dresser. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  95 

1832.  M.  Goumar  received  a  medal  of  200  francs 
value  for  a  mode  of  neutralizing  the  acid  in  paper 
used  for  lithographic  work.  He  simply  passed  it 
through  lime  water. 

1832.  The  excise  duty  on  paper  in  England  had  in- 
creased nearly  £  1 00,000  in  three  years,  being 
£$  1 5,000. 

1832.  It- was  said  by  the  New  York  Journal  of  Com- 
merce, that  the  improvements  of  paper  machinery  had 
been  so  great  in  five  years,  that  though  they  used  a 
sheet  a  quarter  larger,  it  cost  them  a  quarter  less  money. 

1832.  Henry  Brewer,  of  England,  modified  the 
parallel  rod-strainer  of  Mr.  Ibotson,  by  constructing 
square  boxes  with  gridiron  bottoms,  giving  a  powerful 
up-and-down  vibration  in  the  pulp-tub,  by  levers, 
rotary  shafts  and  cranks. 

1832.  Joseph  Amies,  an  English  paper  maker,  im- 
proved the  paper  machine  by  a  peculiar  mode  of  con- 
structing the  bottom  of  a  strainer  or  sieve  for  arresting 
the  knots  and  lumps  in  pulp. 

1832.  Jarvis  &  French,  of  Tompkins  county, 
N.  Y.,  invented  a  mode  of  pressing  paper  by  passing 
it  between  two  hollow  metallic  rollers,  which  was 
used  at  the  Falls  Creek  mill  at  Ithaca,  by  which  the 
quality  of  the  paper  was  improved  and  much  labor 
saved. 

1832.  The  manufacture  of  paper  in  the  United 
States  was  estimated  at  $7,000,000  per  annum,  of 
which  $3,500,000  was  paid  for  rags,  and  $1,200,000 
for  labor.    The  price  of  paper  had  declined  from  20 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


to  25  per  cent,  while  the  quality  had  advanced  in 
about  the  same  ratio. 

1832.  Coleman  Sellers,  of  Philadelphia,  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  pulp-dresser,  for  separating  knobs  and  all 
gross  articles  from  pulp. 

1832.  Mr.  Towgood,  of  England,  patented  a  paper- 
cutting  machine,  which  dispensed  with  the  reel  and 
cut  the  paper  as  it  came  from  the  steam  Cylinders. 

1832.  Frederick  A.  Taft,  of  Dedham,  Mass.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  paper  designed  for  covering  build- 
ings. He  mixed  finely  ground  coal  and  sulphur  in 
the  pulp,  and  added  salt  and  lime  to  render  it  less 
combustible. 

1832.  Samuel  E.  Foster,  of  Brattleborough,  Vt., 
patented  a  mode  of  cleansing  paper  makers'  felts. 
They  were  passed  over  a  perforated  roller  filled  with 
water  or  steam. 

1832.  The  paper  mill  erected  at  Martinsburg, 
N.  Y.  (see  1807),  fell  into  ruin.  It  manufactured 
writing,  wrapping  and  wall  paper  by  the  hand  process, 
having  no  machinery  but  an  engine  for  grinding. 

1832.  The  first  machinery  for  making  paper,  in 
Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  was  introduced  this  year  by 
Knowlton  &  Rice,  at  Watertown,  where  they  had 
commenced  paper  making  about  eight  years  before. 
Their  mills  were  repeatedly  burned. 

1832.  The  paper  made  in  the  state  of  Connecticut 
was  valued  at  $564,000  much  of  which  was  consumed 
in  Hartford,  then  noted  for  its  manufacture  of  books, 
in  which  it  was  surpassed  only  by  Boston,  New  York 
and  Philadelphia. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  97 

1832.  The  period  of  the  manufacture  of  paper  by 
hand  in  France  now  pretty  much  ceased,  and  the  era 
of  manufacture  by  machinery  fully  began. —  Paper 
Trade  Journal,  July  15,  1875,  p.  10. 

1833.  Henry  Davy,  of  England,  patented  a  rag- 
cutting  and  lacerating  machine,  the  invention  of  a 
foreigner,  consisting  of  an  endless  feeding  cloth,  which 
conducted  the  rough  rags  to  a  pair  of  feed  rollers,  on 
passing  through  which  they  were  subjected  to  the  op- 
eration of  rotatory  cutters  ;  thence  they  passed  down 
an  inclined  sieve,  upon  which  they  were  agitated  to 
separate  the  dust. 

1833.  Feb.  The  paper  mill  of  Wiswall  &  Flagg 
in  Exeter,  N.  H.,  was  destroyed  by  fire  with  all  its 
contents.  The  loss  was  estimated  at  more  than 
$12,000,  of  which  only  $4,000  was  insured. 

1833.  M.  Tripot,  of  France,  patented  a  process  of 
manufacturing  paper  from  seaweeds. 

1833.  A  dinner  was  given  by  a  Dublin  printer  to  a 
large  number  of  persons  who  had  exerted  themselves 
for  the  preservation  of  his  premises  from  fire  on  a 
previous  occasion,  when  the  table  was  covered  by  a 
sheet  of  paper  125  feet  long  and  5  feet  wide. 

1833.  Nov.  2.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs.  Laflin, 
in  Lee,  Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  and  $20,000 
loss  sustained. 

1833.  Paper  was  exported  from  France  during  this 
year  to  the  amount  of  5,323,261  francs  in  value ;  or, 
more  than  one  million  dollars. 

1833.  Howland  &  Griswold  patented  a  mode  of 
9 


98  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


applying  the  shearings  or  flocks  of  cloth,  taken  from 
the  same  in  the  manufacture  thereof,  for  the  purpose 
of  covering  the  surfaces  of  paper,  muslin,  linen,  leather 
and  wood,  for  useful  and  ornamental  purposes. 

1833.  Sydney  A.  Sweet,  of  Tyringham,  Mass.,  in- 
vented a  pulp-sifter,  which  was  simply  a  sieve  with  a 
slight  modification  of  similar  machines. 

1833.  The  Penny  Magazine  of  the  Society  for  the 
Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge,  in  London,  consumed 
14,000  reams  of  paper  a  year.  This  required  the 
constant  working  of  two  machines  through  the  year. 
At  the  same  time  a  paper  mill  with  one  machine  was 
held  to  carry  on  a  notable  business,  requiring  the  labor 
of  forty  workmen. 

1833.  Edmund  Blake,  of  Alstead,  N.  H.,  invented 
an  apparatus  for  sizing  paper  in  the  sheet,  without 
handling  it  in  the  usual  manner,  thereby  preventing 
the  liability  to  tear,  and  facilitating  the  operation  by 
sizing  a  much  larger  portion  at  once  than  could  be 
done  in  the  way  ordinarily  pursued. 

1834.  Of  an  edition  of  30,000  copies  of  a  book 
published  in  England  in  181 8,  it  was  said  that  not  a 
perfect  copy  existed  ;  all  of  them  having  fallen  to 
pieces  owing  to  the  process  of  excessive  bleaching 
with  chlorine,  in  manufacturing  the  paper. 

1 834.  The  quantity  of  paper  annually  manufactured 
in  Great  Britain  during  the  five  years  ending  with 
1834,  was  70,988,131  pounds. 

1834.  Clark  Rice,  of  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  made  an 
improvement  in  the  washers  for  paper  engines,  which 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  99 

consisted  in  the  peculiar  manner  in  which  the  vellum 
or  wire  cloth  is  kept  free  from  rags  or  pulp,  in  the 
various  stages  of  washing,  and  in  which  the  egress  of 
water  is  accomplished. 

1834.  A  French  inventor  patented  a  mode  of  pro- 
ducing paper  from  the  leaves  of  trees  and  the  ligaments 
of  asparagus.    It  was  of  no  utility  whatever. 

1834.  John  Ames,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  invented 
an  apparatus  for  cutting  machine  paper  into  sheets  of 
any  required  length,  as  it  comes  from  the  drying 
cylinders.  He  at  the  same  time  patented  machinery 
for  cutting  or  trimming  paper  in  the  ream,  which  was 
said  to  have  been  an  old  and  well  known  contrivance. 

1834.  Writing  paper  was  introduced  in  England, 
which,  by  means  of  a  chemical  operation  it  underwent, 
became  perfectly  black  where  it  was  touched  with 
a  fluid.  On  writing  with  a  pen  dipped  in  water,  a 
legible  character  was  produced. 

1834.  Joseph  Truman,  of  Bridgeport,  Pa.,  con- 
ceived a  mode  of  preventing  the  fibres,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper,  from  arranging  themselves  in  one 
direction,  as  they  were  inclined  to  do.  He  did  not 
seem  to  know  what  had  already  been  done  to  obviate 
that  difficulty  by  the  agitator. 

1834.  A  book  was  published  this  year  in  Sweden, 
the  paper  of  which  was  made  entirely  of  beet  root. 
The  paper  was  strong  and  durable,  but  not  of  a  fine 
texture,  nor  white  in  appearance.  Paper  was  also 
manufactured  in  that  country  at  the  same  time,  of 
husks  and  of  Russia  matting. 


ioo         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1834.  There  were  about  a  dozen  paper  machines 
in  operation  in  France  at  this  time,  mostly  constructed 
in  England.  They  were  henceforth  to  afford  the  only 
mode  of  manufacturing  paper  which  could  be  pursued 
without  loss ;  before  which  the  ancient  system  of 
hand-work  was  rapidly  to  disappear. 

1834.  May.  The  paper  mills  at  Newtown  Lower 
Falls,  owned  by  Lyons,  were  burnt.  Loss  estimated 
at  $50,000. 

1834.  The  net  produce  of  the  duty  on  first  and 
second  class  paper  in  England  this  year  was  £j  18,043  ; 
of  which  only  £  10 1,023  was  fr°m  second  class  paper. 

1835.  In  November,  the  mills  of  Brown,  Tower  & 
Co.,  in  Hampden,  Me.,  were  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss 
$20,000 ;  no  insurance. 

1835.  Paper  was  made  in  Ireland  from  peat,  but 
was  of  inferior  quality. 

1835.  Hayti  exported  31,192  pounds  of  rags. 

1835.  William  Debit,  of  Hartford,  Ct.,  improved 
the  common  duster  by  a  combination  with  it  of  a  shaft 
and  knives  and  beaters. 

1835.  The  Thibetans  had  a  process  of  reworking 
old  paper  made  from  the  bark  of  the  sultarua,  which, 
however,  was  inferior  to  the  paper  of  the  Hindoos, 
made  of  the  same  material. 

1835.  The  home  duty  on  paper  in  England  was 
recommended  to  be  reduced  one-half,  and  that  it  be 
fixed  at  \\d.  per  pound  on  all  descriptions  of  first  and 
second  class  paper ;  and  that  the  duties  on  pasteboard 
should  be  reduced  in  like  manner ;  and  that  mill- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  101 

boards,  glazed  paper  for  clothiers,  and  hot-pressers, 
sheathing  paper  and  button  paper,  and  button-board, 
paying  a  duty  of  £1  is.  per  cwt.  should  be  placed  on 
the  same  footing  as  pasteboard,  and  be  subject  to  a 
like  duty  of  14*.  per  hundred  weight. 

1835.  John  Ames,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  took  out 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  machinery  for 
manufacturing  paper,  which  seems  to  have  been  the 
manner  of  applying  a  drying  cylinder  to  the  machines 
in  use. 

1835.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in  Eng- 
land was  70,655,287  pounds,  on  which  the  govern- 
ment duty  was  .£838,822. 

1835.  The  royal  printing  office  at  Paris  consumed 
about  three  hundred  reams  of  paper  a  day,  nearly  a 
hundred  thousand  reams  a  year. 

1835.  There  were  750  paper  mills  in  operation  in 
England,  and  the  annual  value  of  paper  manufactured 
is  stated  by  McCulloch  as  high  as  £6,000,000.  Paper 
was  burdened  with  an  excise  duty  amounting  to  more 
than  three  times  as  much  as  the  total  wages  of  the 
workmen  employed  in  making  it,  and  the  quantity 
annually  produced  did  not  exceed  50,000,000  pounds 
of  first  class,  and  16,000,000  of  second  class  paper, 
requiring  a  supply  of  about  100,000,000  pounds  of 
rags. 

1836.  James  Brown,  of  Esk  Mills,  near  Edinburgh, 
adopted  a  new  contrivance  for  rarefying  the  air  under 
the  web  of  the  paper  machine,  by  using  a  rectangular 
box  transversely  beneath  the  horizontal  wire-cloth 
without  the  interposition  of  any  perforated  covering. 


102        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1836.  Robert  Rose's  administrator,  of  East  Hart- 
ford, Ct.,  patented  an  improvement  in  the  paper 
machine,  which  consisted  of  a  mode  of  sustaining  the 
web  of  wire  in  a  slanting  position,  so  as  to  form  the 
end  and  in  part  the  bottom  of  the  vat  containing  the 
stuff,  which  by  draining  through  the  web  was  properly 
deposited  on  the  web  for  the  formation  of  the  paper. 

1836.  The  quantity  of  paper  charged  with  duties  of 
excise  in  Great  Britain  was  82,145,287  pounds,  and 
8,032,577  yards  of  paper-hangings.  The  amount  of 
duty  was  £812,782.  Writing  and  printing  paper, 
which  had  paid  a  duty  of  3^.  a  pound,  and  the  ordinary 
grades  \\d.  since  181 1,  were  now  reduced  to  \\d,  for 
all  grades. 

1837.  April  17.  The  paper  mill  of  Peabody, 
Daniel  &  Co.,  at  Franklin,  N.  H.,  was  destroyed  by 
fire.    Loss  $20,000  \  insurance  $8,060. 

1837.  June  16.  The  paper  mill  of  Carleton& Co., 
at  Shirley,  Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss  estimated 
at  $25,000  ;  insured  $16,000. 

1837.  The  paper  mill  of  Mr.  Buddington,at  Hotch- 
kisstown,  near  New  Haven,  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
Sept.  9  ;  loss  about  $8,000. 

1837.  Edmund  Shaw,  of  London,  claimed  to  have 
made  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  paper, 
by  the  application  of  a  certain  vegetable  substance 
not  before  used  for  that  purpose.  This  was  none 
other  than  the  husks  and  stalks  of  Indian  corn.  He 
was  aware  that  some  ^attempts  had  been  made  to  pro- 
duce paper  from  these  materials,  and  also  that  they 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  103 

were  abandoned  because  of  the  failure  to  produce 
good  white  paper  from  them. 

1837.  John  Ames,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  patented 
a  machine  for  sizing  paper,  without  the  use  of  feltings 
or  jackets. 

1838.  The  gross  amount  of  paper-duty  in  Great 
Britain  for  the  year,  ending  on  the  5th  January,  was 
£554,497. 

1838.  J.  V.  Degrand,  of  London,  obtained  a  patent 
for  a  certain  pulpy  product  or  material  for  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  and  pasteboard.  He  claimed  to  use 
only  white  woods,  such  as  poplars,  and  excluded  every 
possible  bark  or  epidermis. 

1838.  Homer  Holland,  Westfield,  Mass.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  preparing  the  fibrous  portion  of  corn  husks, 
so  as  to  be  a  suitable  base  for  paper.  His  patent  was 
for  a  process  of  macerating  the  husks  in  a  solution  of 
carbonated  alkali,  and  then  rendering  the  alkali  caustic 
by  adding  the  hydrate  of  lime,  leaving  the  fibre  strong 
and  capable  of  being  perfectly  bleached. 

1838.  M.  De  Breza,  of  Paris,  invented  a  chemical 
compound  for  rendering  paper  and  other  substances 
indestructible  by  fire,  and  for  preserving  them  from 
the  ravages  of  insects. 

1838.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs.  R.  L.  Underhill 
&  Co.,  at  Urbana,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss 
$32,000 ;  insurance  $2,000.  The  owner  of  the  build- 
ing lost  $4,000  ;  insured  $2,000.  Mr.  Underhill  had 
been  burnt  out  twice  before  within  a  twelve  month. 

1838.  May  23.    The  paper  mill  of  E.  Camp  in 


104         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It 
was  new  and  had  been  in  operation  but  a  short  time. 
The  loss  was  about  $8,000  ;  no  insurance. 

1838.  June  22.  The  paper  mill  of  A.  Bradley  & 
Sons  in  Dansville,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  It  was  nearly 
new,  having  been  in  operation  but  little  more  than  a 
year,  and  cost  $20,000  in  its  construction.  There 
was  an  insurance  of  $10,500. 

1838.  The  quantity  of  paper  imported  into  the 
United  States  during  this  year  was  $164,179;  the 
quantity  exported  $94,335.  The  import  of  rags  was 
$465,448. 

1839.  The  import  of  paper  into  the  United  States 
amounted  to  $186,418;  the  export  was  $80,146. 
The  import  of  rags  was  $588,318. 

1839.  Henry  Crosby,  of  London,  obtained  a  patent 
for  manufacturing  paper  from  refuse  tan  (after  it  had 
been  used  for  tanning,  or  any  other  purpose  in  which 
the  fibre  had  not  been  destroyed),  and  hops.  The 
latter  substance  was  only  used  in  combination  with 
the  tan  (a  species  of  bark)  when  it  retained  its  fibre. 
These  substances,  when  combined,  were  treated  the 
same  as  rags.  The  claim  of  the  invention  was  to  the 
combination  and  products. 

1839.  Mr.  T.  B.  Crompton,  of  England,  succeeded 
in  producing  a  uniform  rarefaction  under  the  wire-cloth 
of  the  paper  machine,  by  means  of  a  fan. 

1839.  At  the  French  exhibition  of  this  year  were 
specimens  of  paper  made  of  the  leaves  of  the  banana 
tree  and  similar  plants,  but  the  experiments  showed 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making,  105 

great  waste  in  converting  them  into  paper.  With  a 
view  of  reducing  the  cost  of  carriage  by  freeing  the 
substances  from  foreign  matter,  M.  Rocques  estab- 
lished powerful  works  at  Havana,  to  wash  and  convert 
them  into  pulp  for  the  European  markets  ;  but  even 
in  this  state  the  absolute  necessity  of  strong  bleaching 
caused  a  waste  of  more  than  one-third  of  the  original 
weight. 

1840.  M.  Brogniart  of  Paris  seems  to  have  been 
the  first  to  call  attention  to  the  changes  undergone  by 
wood  fibre  when  subjected  to  the  influence  of  acids 
and  alkalies ;  but  his  suggestions  were  not  practically 
applied. 

1840.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  England  was 
computed  to  be  700  ;  nearly  80  in  Scotland,  and  an 
inconsiderable  number  in  Ireland.  About  27,000 
individuals  were  supposed  to  be  engaged  in  the  trade 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  producing  about  £  1,200,000 
worth  of  paper. 

1840.  The  paper  mill  of  Phelps  &  Field,  of  Lee, 
Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  Nov.  27.  But  a  small 
part  of  the  machinery  was  saved  ;  loss  $20,000  ;  in- 
surance $15,000. 

1840.  Dec.  10.  The  Eagle  paper  mill  of  Peter 
Simmons,  at  Chatham,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  was 
burnt,  with  all  its  contents. 

1840.  One-fifth  of  all  the  paper  produced  in  the 
United  States  was  made  at  Lee,  Mass. 

1840.  There  were  13  paper  manufactories  in  New 
Hampshire,  giving  employment  to  1 1 1  workmen,  pro- 


io6         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

ducing  $258,600  worth  of  paper  annually,  and  having 
a  capital  of  $104,300  invested. 

1840.  The  development  of  paper-making  in  Russia 
is  said  scarcely  to  have  taken  place  before  this  time 
(see  1785) ;  that  the  Russians  entered  upon  the  fabri- 
cation of  paper  long  after  they  had  been  engaged  in 
other  manufactures.    (See  17 12.) 

1840.  Lagrange  Bull,  of  Martinique,  made  known 
the  invention  of  a  paper  pulp  which  was  manufactured 
from  the  leaves  of  the  banana  tree. 

1 840.  The  quantity  of  paper  imported  by  the  United 
States  this  year  was  $146,790;  the  export  $76,957. 
The  import  of  rags  was  $564,580. 

1840.  Nothing,  says  Dr.  Ure,  can  place  the  ad- 
vantage of  the  Fourdrinier  machine  in  a  stronger  point 
of  view  than  the  fact  of  there  being  280  of  them  now 
at  work  in  the  United  Kingdom,  making  collectively 
1,600  miles  of  paper,  of  from  four  to  five  feet  broad, 
every  day  ;  that  they  have  lowered  the  price  of  paper 
fifty  per  cent,  and  that  they  have  increased  the  reve- 
nue, directly,  and  indirectly,  by  a  sum  of  probably 
,£400,000  per  annum. 

1 84 1.  The  rags  used  in  the  manufacture  of  writ- 
ing paper  in  Great  Britain  were  collected  at  home. 
But  those  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  best  print- 
ing paper  were  imported  principally  from  Italy,  Ham- 
burg, and  the  Austrian  states,  by  the  way  of  Trieste. 

1 84 1.  Feb.  12.  The  paper  mill  of  M.  Safer, 
near  Raleigh,  N.  C,  was  accidentally  burnt.  Loss 
$6,000. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making,  107 

1841.  England  produced  97,103,548  pounds  of 
paper. 

1841.  March  10.  The  paper  mill  of  Henry  Church 
&  Co.,  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt. 

1 841.  Barrett  &  Swann's  paper  mill  at  Camden, 
Me.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1 841.  The  United  States  imported  paper  this  year 
to  the  amount  of  $60,193  ;  and  of  rags  $496,227. 
The  export  of  paper  was  $83,483. 

1842.  Es  gingen  zwar  noch  ungefahr  10,000  Ctr. 
aller  Gattungen,  ganz  abgesehen  von  den  Papierta- 
peten,  welche  das  Ausland  noch  zum  grossen  Theij 
liefert,  ein,  besonders  nach  Sachsen  und  Schlesien  aus 
Bohmen,  nach  Baden  aus  der  Schweiz,  dafiir  aber 
auch  iiber  12,000  Ctr.  wieder  aus. 

1842.  Der  Zollverefn  besass  950  Fabriken  fur 
Papier,  worunter  mindestens  50  fur  Maschinenpapier 
die  Total  production  ist,  da  alle  Anhalte  fehlen, 
schwer  zu  berechnen,  steigt  aber  alle  Jahre,  ohne  der 
Consumtion  vorauszueilen. 

1842.  March  3.  The  paper  mill  at  Fall  creek, 
Ithaca,  owned  by  Mack,  Andrus  &  Woodruff,  was 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss  about  $8,000,  insured  $8,100. 

1842.  According  to  an  estimate  made  at  a  con- 
vention of  paper  makers  in  New  York  city,  the 
machinery  and  paper  mill  property  in  the  United 
States,  were  valued  at  $16,000,000  —  the  paper  manu- 
factured amounted  to  $15,000,000  per  annum  —  the 
raw  stock  collected  in  the  United  States,  to  about 
$6,000,000  per  annum,  and  the  amount  of  stock 


io8         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


consumed  at  about  175,000,000  pounds.  From  fifty 
to  sixty  thousand  persons  were  employed  in  the 
various  operations  connected  with  the  trade  for  a 
livelihood. 

1842.  June  6.  The  paper  mill  of  Charles  Per- 
ham,  Groton,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  Loss  $16,000; 
insured  $8,000.  The  fire  was  occasioned  by  the 
friction  of  the  machinery. 

1842.  Oct.  The  paper  mill  of  William  T.  Parker, 
at  Sudbury,  Mass.,  was  burnt. 

1842.  The  importations  of  paper  into  the  United 
States  amounted  to  $92,771  ;  and  $468,230  of  rags. 
The  export  of  paper  was  $69,862. 

1842.  There  were  356  paper  machines  employed 
in  the  mills  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  having  372 
vats. 

1843.  James  Phelps,  of  West  Sutton,  Mass., 
made  improvements  in  the  washing  machine,  which 
consisted  of  an  adjustable,  rotating  water  elevator 
and  strainer,  which  could  be  raised  or  lowered  in  the 
vat  of  the  washing  or  beating  engine.  Also  a  rotat- 
ing prismatic  screen,  or  strainer,  for  straining  the 
water  from  the  paper-stock,  in  the  vat  of  a  washing 
or  beating  engine,  in  combination  with  devices  for 
discharging  the  strained  water,  being  not  only  more 
efficient  than  a  cylindrical  screen,  but  also  admitting 
of  more  ready  repair. 

1843.  The  number  of  machines  employed  in  the 
paper  mills  of  England,  Ireland  and  Scotland,  was 
367,  requiring  362  vats. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  109 

1843.  ^ne  English,  although  they  made  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  most  sorts  of  paper  for  their  own 
use,  and  exported  annually  about  £  100,000  worth  of 
books,  still  continued  to  import  certain  descriptions 
of  paper  for  engravings,  from  France,  and  a  small 
supply  of  paper-hangings  ;  the  duty  on  both  of  which 
amounted  to  about  <£2,8oo  a  year. 

1843.  """ne  United  States  imported  paper  amount- 
ing to  $19,  997  ;  and  exported  $51,391  ;  the  import 
of  rags  $79,853  ;  a  great  diminution  in  the  annual 
business  of  these  articles,  owing  to  the  enforcement 
of  a  new  duty  upon  rags,  which  affected  the  paper 
trade  also. 

1844.  There  were  600  [400?]  paper  mills  in  opera- 
tion in  the  United  States,  giving  active  use  to  a 
capital  of  $16,000,000,  manufacturing  at  least  a  sum 
equal  to  its  capital  per  annum,  and  affording  mainte- 
nance to  at  least  5,000  persons. 

1844.  Roberts's  paper  mill  at  Weston,  Mass.,  was 
burnt.    Loss  $6,000  ;  insured  $1,000. 

1844.  October  28.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs. 
Sharpless,  Huskins,  &  Wallace,  on  Redstone  creek, 
Fayette  county,  Pa.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss 
estimated  at  $20,000. 

1844.  The  amount  of  paper  imported  into  the 
United  States  was  $104,648,  and  of  rags  $295,586, 
The  export  of  paper  was  $83,108. 

1844.  The  paper  mills  of  England,  Scotland  and 
Ireland  employed  370  machines,  and  359  vats. 

1844.  One  Keller  took  out  letters  patent  in  Ger- 


no        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


many  for  a  wood  pulp  grinding  machine,  and  is 
claimed  to  have  been  the  true  inventor.  Lacking 
capital  to  avail  himself  of  the  advantages  of  his  dis- 
covery, he  sold  to  Voelter,  and  subsequently  fell 
into  want,  so  that  the  German  paper  makers  came  to 
his  relief  by  subscriptions. 

1844.  The  German  Zollverein  imported  annually 
about  8,000  thalers  worth  of  gray  blotting  and  pack- 
ing paper,  and  exported  papers  of  finer  qualities,  to 
the  amount  of  more  than  256,000  thalers. 

1844.  The  Russian  manufactory  at  Peterhof  had 
been  so  much  enlarged  that  it  now  turned  at  70,000 
reams  a  year,  mostly  fine  papers. 

1845.  The  quantity  of  rags  consumed  in  the 
United  States  was  estimated  to  amount  to  $6,000,000. 

1845.  There  were  89  paper  mills  in  Massachusetts, 
which  consumed  annually  15,886  tons  of  stock,  pro- 
ducing 607,175  reams  of  paper,  valued  at  $1,750,200, 
and  employing  1,369  workmen. 

1845.  The  amount  of  paper  imported  into  the 
United  States  was  $98,000;  the  export  $106,190. 
The  import  of  rags  amounted  to  $421,080. 

1845.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  Austria  having 
machines  was  40  ;  the  number  working  by  the  old 
process  was  940.  The  total  product  was  314,000 
quintals,  selling  at  an  average  of  13  cents  a  pound. 
The  number  of  persons  employed  was  12,000,  besides 
rag-sorters. 

1845.  A.  Brooman,  of  London,  obtained  a 
patent  for  producing  paper  from  gutta  percha,  and  an 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 1 1 

intermixture  of  other  substances.  The  fibre  of  the 
gutta  percha  tree  is  said  to  be  very  strong. 

1845.  The  quantity  of  paper  charged  with  duties 
of  excise  in  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  was  124,247,071  pounds.  The  exports 
amounted  to  4,864,185  pounds. 

1846.  The  import  of  paper  into  the  United  States 
this  year  was  $194,220  ;  of  rags  $385,397,  being  3.89 
cents  per  pound.    The  export  of  paper  was  $122,597. 

1846.  The  Thuringian  states  of  Germany  had  41 
paper  mills,  with  53  vats,  and  employing  274  persons. 

1846.  E.  F.  Vidocq,  of  Paris,  secured  a  patent  for 
obtaining  paper,  by  the  usual  process,  from  a  com- 
bination of  leather  cuttings,  scraps,  &c,  hemp,  cotton, 
wool,  oakum,  and  other  substances. 

1846.  There  were  in  Prussia  394  paper  mills,  em- 
ploying 6,393  workmen,  and  having  503  vats  and  72 
paper  machines. 

1846.  Bavaria  had  176  paper  mills,  with  257  vats  and 
11  machines,  giving  employment  to  1,884  workmen. 

1846.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  Saxony  was 
66,  having  68  vats,  and  6  machines,  giving  employ- 
ment to  997  workmen. 

1846.  There  were  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse 
21  paper  mills,  employing  170  workmen;  having  18 
vats  and  1  paper  machine. 

1846.  The  electorate  of  Hesse,  belonging  to  the 
Zollverein,  had  28  paper  mills,  having  39  vats  and 
6  machines,  giving  employment  to  299  workmen. 

1846.  Baden,  in  Germany,  had  32  paper  mills, 


112        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


having  33  vats  and  14  machines,  and  employing  624 
workmen. 

1846.  Nassau,  in  Germany,  employed  196  persons 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper ;  having  27  mills,  with 
30  vats  and  6  machines. 

1846.  The  annual  imports  of  paper  by  the  German 
Zollverein  were  upwards  of  9,000  Prussian  dollars ; 
the  exports  $270,589.  The  exports  were  mostly  fine 
papers,  and  the  imports  were  of  the  coarser  qualities. 

1846.  Genoa  exported  1,178  tons  of  paper  to 
Mexico,  Spain,  and  the  Brazils. 

1 846.  The  quantity  of  rags  imported  into  the  United 
States  from  all  countries  was  9,837,706  pounds,  of 
which  8,002,865  pounds  came  from  Italy.  The 
aggregate  value  was  $385,397,  or  3.89  cents  per 
pound.    (See  p.  99.) 

1846.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  127,412,482  pounds, 
of  which  4,836,556  pounds  were  exported.  The 
paper  mills  of  those  countries  employed  384  machines 
and  378  vats. 

1846.  There  were  37  paper  mills  reported  in  the 
state  of  Connecticut. 

1 846.  Dec.  The  Hollister  paper  mills,  at  Windsor 
Locks,  Conn.,  were  burnt.  Loss  $12,000;  insured 
for  $8,000. 

1846.  May  23.  The  paper  mill  of  Mr.  Craig  at 
Fondasbush,  Montgomery  county,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt. 
The  loss  was  $4,000  ;  insurance  $1,000. 

1847.  Figuier  and  Poumarede,  of  Paris,  invented 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  113 

a  kind  of  parchment  paper,  similar  to  that  patented  by 
Gaine  in  England,  in  1857,  °l«  v- 

1847.  August  6.  David  Ames  died  at  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  aged  87.  He  was  a  manufacturer  of 
paper  more  than  half  a  century,  and  was  the  first  to 
introduce  modern  improvements.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  enterprise,  for  some  time  held  the  office  of 
superintendent  of  the  United  States  armory  under  the 
government,  and  was  actively  engaged  in  business 
until  a  very  short  period  before  his  death. 

1847.  The  quar,tity  of  paper  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  121,965,315  pounds, 
of  which  5,852,979  pounds  were  exported.  This 
gave  employment  to  405  machines,  with  373  vats. 

1847.  Denmark  imported  about  300  tons  of  paper 
from  Belgium,  France,  and  other  countries. 

1847.  The  paper  machine  had  been  so  universally 
introduced  into  all  the  new,  as  well  as  the  old  vat 
mills  in  the  United  States,  that  there  were  now  only 
two  mills  of  any  note  engaged  in  making  paper  by 
hand,  and  those  were  employed  in  producing  particular 
sorts,  requiring  great  strength  and  firmness. 

1847.  The  Netherlands  imported  chiefly  from  Bel- 
gium and  the  Zollverein,  219  tons  of  paper  valued  at 
$7,167.60.  The  importation  of  rags  was  700  pounds 
only.  The  exportation  of  paper  the  same  year  was 
148  tons  ;  principally  to  Java.  The  exportation  of 
rags  was  only  1,200  pounds. 

1847.  There  were  66  paper  mills  in  the  kingdom 
10 


114        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


of  Saxony,  with  6  machines,  employing  992  persons. 
The  exports  and  imports  were  trifling. 

1847.  The  proprietors  of  the  New  Orleans  Bul- 
letin announced  that  they  printed  their  paper  on  an 
article  manufactured  by  themselves,  at  a  mill  in  the 
third  municipality,  which  they  believed  to  be  the 
only  successful  attempt  to  manufacture  paper  so  far 
south. 

1847.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in  the 
United  States  at  this  time  was  computed  at  18  millions 
of  dollars  in  value  per  annum. 

1847.  Two  paper  mills  were  erected  in  Georgia 
this  year,  an  event  which  the  editor  of  the  Savannah 
Republican  remarked,  that  a  few  years  before  he  de- 
spaired of  living  long  enough  to  see. 

1847.  The  quantity  of  rags  imported  into  the 
United  States  this  year  was  8,154,886  pounds,  of 
which  6,519,234  pounds  came  from  Italy;  the  ag- 
gregate value  was  $304,216,  being  3.73  cents  per 
pound;  of  paper  $195,571.  The  export  of  paper 
was  $88,731. 

1847.  Herr  Voelter,  who  availed  himself  of  the 
wood-pulp  grinding  machine  of  Keller,  having  im- 
proved certain  features  of  the  process,  and  instituted 
the  manufacture,  now  employed  large  quantities  of  the 
pulp  for  the  manufacture  of  newspaper. 

1847.  The  quantity  of  paper  imported  into  Den- 
mark this  year  was  334,000  kilogrammes,  paying 
$13,020  duties. 

1 848.  The  import  of  rags  from  Denmark  was 
53,290  pounds,  amounting  to  $1,614. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 1 5 

1848.  The  United  States  imported  paper  amount- 
ing to  $415,668;  and  of  rags  $626,607.  The 
quantity  imported  from  all  countries  was  17,014,587 
pounds,  of  which  13,803,036  pounds  came  from  Italy ; 
the  average  price  per  pound  was  3.68  cents.  The 
export  of  paper  was  $78,507. 

1848.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  121,820,229  pounds, 
of  which  5,180,286  pounds  were  exported.  The 
number  of  machines  employed  was  407,  with  367  vats. 

1848.  Zenas  M.  Crane,  of  Dalton,  Mass  ,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  machinery  for  cutting 
paper.  Patents  were  also  obtained  for  the  same 
purpose  by  George  L.  Wright,  of  Springfield,  Mass. ; 
by  Mark  Wilder,  of  Peterborough,  N.  H.  ;  by  J.  C. 
Kneeland  and  George  M.  Phelps,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.  ; 
and  Alonzo  Gilman,  of  Troy,  N.  Y. 

1848.  The  importation  of  paper  in  Hamburg  was 
of  the  estimated  value  of  $239,568. 

1848.  Sardinia  produced  paper  which  amounted  in 
value  to  $2,400,000,  none  of  which  was  exported. 

1848.  Spain  exported  140,000  reams  of  paper,  to 
the  following  countries  :  Cuba,  94,000  reams  ;  Chili, 
16,000  reams  ;  Porto  Rico,  10,000  reams  ;  to  other 
countries,  20,000  reams. 

1848.  March  21.  The  paper  mill  of  Knowlton 
&  Rice  at  Watertown,  N.  Y.,was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1848.  Leghorn  exported  rags  and  paper  amount- 
ing to  30,000  pounds,  about  half  to  England,  and  the 
other  half  to  the  United  States. 


1 1 6         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1849.  There  were  74  paper  manufacturers  in  Bel- 
gium, employing  1,893  Persons  >  22  steam  engines 
of  254  horse  power  in  the  aggregate ;  2  horse  mills 
of  2  horses  each  ,*  68  water  mills,  and  7  wind  mills. 
The  United  States  imported  paper  from  Belgium 
amounting  to  19,950  francs. 

1849.  W.  Brindly  obtained  a  patent  in  England 
for  a  mode  of  rendering  paper  water- proof.  This 
was  accomplished  by  saturating  the  web  of  paper  as 
it  passed  from  the  machine,  with  linseed  oil,  and  sub- 
jecting it  to  a  high  temperature  until  dried,  by  which 
it  was  rendered  impervious  to  water. 

1849.  Grimpe  &  Colas,  of  France,  invented  paper 
for  bank  notes,  which  was  intended  to  defy  fraud  and 
forgery.  A  committee  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
had  encouraged  rival  artists  to  make  all  possible  ex- 
periments to  test  the  infallibility  of  the  paper,  and  no 
effort  was  spared  to  the  accomplishment  of  that  end, 
but  without  avail. 

1849.  An  Englishman  invented  a  method  of  spik- 
ing paper.  The  bank  of  England  sent  him  a  one 
pound  note,  much  worn,  to  test  his  skill.  He  re- 
turned it  in  two  sections. 

1849.  A.  H.  Laflin,  who  was  the  first  to  intro- 
duce machine  laid  paper  into  this  country,  at  Her- 
kimer, N.  Y.,  in  this  year  made  the  first  laid  note 
paper  on  a  machine  which  was  ordered  by  White  & 
Sheffield. 

1849.  The  United  States  imported  paper  this  year 
to  the  amount  of  $395,773  ;  and  of  rags  $524,755. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  117 

The  quantity  imported  from  Italy  was  1 1,009,668  lbs. ; 
the  aggregate  quantity  brought  from  all  countries  was 
14,941,236  pounds,  at  an  average  of  2.51  cents.  The 
exports  were  $86,827. 

1849.  ^he  exPort  of  paper  from  Belgium  amount- 
ed to  £36,940. 

1849.  France  exported  paper-hangings  to  the 
United  States,  to  the  amount  of  214,000  pounds  ; 
and  imported  upwards  of  1,620,000  pounds  of  rags. 
The  total  export  of  paper  was  over  9,250,000  pounds. 

1849.  Messrs.  Chambers,  of  Edinburgh,  petitioned 
parliament  for  a  removal  or  reduction  of  the  excise 
duty  on  paper,  which  was  especially  severe  on  low- 
priced  books. 

1849.  The  importations  of  rags  and  other  mate- 
rials into  Belgium  for  the  manufacture  of  paper, 
amounted  to  only  14J  tons.  Their  exportations  of 
paper  were  about  $12,000. 

1849.  Amos  &  Clarke  obtained  a  patent  in  Eng- 
land for  a  strainer  used  in  the  paper  machine. 

1849.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  132,132,660  pounds, 
of  which  5,966,319  pounds  were  exported. 

1849.  Messrs.  Amos  &  Clarke,  of  England, 
patented  a  paper-cutting  machine,  which  obviated  the 
difficulty  that  grew  out  of  the  increased  velocity  of 
the  machines,  by  which  the  sheets  were  cut  into 
irregular  lengths. 

1849.  The  number  of  paper  machines  employed 
in  the  mills  of  England,  Scotiand,  and  Ireland,  was 
406,  with  353  vats. 


1 1 8  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1849.  The  exports  of  rags  during  this  year  from 
Trieste  to  the  United  States  were  $9,656. 

1849.  The  first  paper  manufactory  in  France 
which  adopted  the  wood- grinding  process  was  that  at 
Souche,  in  this  year. 

1850.  The  German  Zollverein  consumed  annually, 
over  1,180,000  cwts.  of  rags  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper;  employing  794  paper  mills,  having  116  paper 
machines,  producing  annually  about  36,964  tons  of 
paper. 

1850.  Henry  Pohl,  of  Paterson,  N.  .J.,  improved 
the  regulator,  or  pulp  meter,  to  measure  the  quantity 
of  pulp  for  webs  of  different  thicknesses. 

1850.  M.  Didot  stated  that  there  were  200  paper 
machines  in  France,  producing  195  tons  each  per  year, 
making  a  total  of  39,000  tons  ;  and  250  vats,  produc- 
ing over  2,000  more  tons  per  year  ;  being  a  gross 
amount  of  41,000  tons,  of  all  kinds  of  paper.  A 
paper  machine  occupied  about  60  persons,  and  a  vat 
10. 

1850.  Nov.  23.  The  only  paper  mill  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  situated  four  miles  above  George- 
town, was  destroyed  by  fire.    Loss  $2,000. 

1850.  The  export  of  paper  and  stationery  from 
the  United  States  to  foreign  countries  was  not  less 
than  a  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1850.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  England  was 
327  ;  in  Scotland,  51  ;  in  Ireland,  37.  The  number 
of  beating  engines  in  England  was  1,374  ;  in  Scotland, 
286  ;  in  Ireland,  86.  The  number  of  machines  em- 
ployed was  412,  with  344  vats. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 1 9 

1850.  A  German  by  the  name  of  Ebart,  owning 
a  large  manufactory  in  Neustadt  Elberwald,  invented 
an  incombustible  and  impermeable  paper,  which  he 
termed  stone  paper,  suitable  for  roofing  houses,  not 
easily  broken,  and  capable  of  being  produced  at  a 
low  price. 

1850.  Specimens  of  paper  were  made  in  Algiers 
from  the  dwarf  palm,  which  abounds  in  that  country, 
and  of  which  it  was  thought  that  four  millions  of 
quintals  could  be  obtained  every  year,  by  causing  it 
to  be  gathered  by  women  and  children,  at  a  cost  of 
about  18  cents  a  hundred  pounds ;  which  if  beat  into 
half  stuff  in  its  green  state,  would  yield  36  per  cent 
of  its  weight  ;  and  dry,  50  per  cent :  and  that  two 
hours  beating  would  be  sufficient  to  render  this  half 
stuff  fit  for  making  fine  paper. 

1850.  The  amount  of  capital  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  paper  In  the  United  States  was  es- 
timated at  18  millions  of  dollars  ;  the  annual  product 
of  paper,  17  millions;  the  number  of  mills,  700  ; 
the  number  of  operatives  employed,  100,000. 
Another  statement  gives  443  mills,  the  product  of 
which  was  estimated  at  $10,187,177. —  Paper  Trade 
Reporter,  Sept.  1,  1873,  P*  5- 

1850.  The  quantity  of  paper  charged  with  excise 
duty  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  was 
141,032,474  pounds, 

1850.  The  amount  of  duty  paid  on  paper  in  Eng- 
land was  <£693,74i  ;  in  Scotland,  £187,687;  in 
Ireland,  £44,096.    The  quantity  of  paper  manufac- 


i2o        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


tured  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  141,032,674 
pounds,  of  which  7,762,686  pounds  were  exported. 

1850.  Great  Britain  imported  8,124  tons  of  rags, 
among  which  were  32  tons  from  the  United  States, 
and  23  tons  from  Egypt. 

1850.  The  United  States  imported  rags  from 
nineteen  countries.  The  quantity  imported  was 
20,696,875  pounds  at  3.61  cents  a  pound.  Of  these 
15,861,266  pounds  came  from  Italian  and  Austrian 
ports.  The  total  value  was  $748,707.  Paper  was 
imported  to  the  amount  of  $496,563. 

1 85 1.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  was  150,903,43  pounds, 
of  which  8,305,590  pounds  were  exported.  The 
number  of  machines  employed  in  those  countries  was 
413,  with  330  vats. 

1 85 1.  The  United  States  imported  rags  of  the 
value  of  $903,747,  at  3.46  cents  a  pound.  Of  the 
26,094,701  pounds  imported,  18,512,673  were  from 
Italy. 

1 85 1.  There  was  exhibited  at  the  World's  fair  in 
London,  a  roll  of  paper,  being  a  continuous  sheet 
2,500  yards  long. 

1 85 1.  The  export  of  paper  and  stationery  from 
the  United  States  was  to  the  amount  of  $155,664  for 
the  year  ending  June  30. 

1 85 1.  It  was  estimated  that  there  was  produced 
at  this  time  in  Great  Britain,  5,500,000  pieces  of 
paper-hangings,  valued  at  ^400,000. 

1 85 1.  In  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  there 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  121 

were  12  paper  machines,  and  12  vats,  employing  300 
persons.  The  whole  produce  amounted  to  306  tons 
annually,  and  paper  was  exported  to  Rome,  Sicily, 
Leghorn,  Malta,  the  Ionian  Isles,  and  Greece. 

1851.  Messrs.  Donkin  &  Co.,  of  England,  who 
perfected  the  Fourdrinier  paper  machine,  constructed 
their  191st  machine.  Of  these  83  were  made  for 
Great  Britian,  23  for  France,  46  for  Germany,  22  for 
the  north  of  Europe,  14  for  Italy  and  the  south  of 
Europe,  2  for  America,  and  1  for  India.  It  was  Mr. 
Bryan  Donkin,  who,  as  engineer,  carried  out  the 
desired  plans  in  perfecting  the  Fourdrinier  machine, 
and  produced,  after  intense  application,  a  self-acting 
model,  of  which  he  afterwards  constructed  so  many 
for  home  use  and  for  exportation,  which  were  perfectly 
successful  in  the  manufacture  of  continuous  paper. 

1 85 1.  The  quantity  of  paper  produced  in  Austria 
was  stated  at  650,000  cwts.  per  annum.  There 
were  900  vat-mills,  and  49  mills  using  machines  ; 
two-fifths  of  the  product  of  paper  was  from  the  latter, 
which  were  chiefly  driven  by  water-power. 

1 85 1.  Brewer  &  Smith,  who  had  made  improve- 
ments in  paper  moulds  in  England,  patented  the  same 
in  the  United  States. 

1 85 1.  The  paper  mill  belonging  to  the  Goodman 
Manufacturing  Company,  at  South  Hadley,  Mass., 
was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  company  had  failed  a 
short  time  before,  involving  a  loss  of  $20,000. 1 

1  The  question  has  been  propounded,  if  a  paper  company  should  fail 
for  the  want  of  anything  but  water  or  stock. 

11 


122        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 85 1.  There  were  6  paper  machines  in  operation 
in  Denmark,  besides  one  in  Holstein,  and  20  vats, 
producing  altogether  about  1,312  tons  per  year. 

1 85 1.  There  were  five  paper  mills  employing  seven 
machines,  in  Sweden,  and  eight  vat-mills. 

1 85 1.  There  were  17  paper  machines  in  operation 
in  Spain,  which  were  imported  from  England,  France, 
and  Belgium  ;  also  250  vats.  The  annual  produce 
of  paper  was  4,741  tons. 

185 1.  There  were  12  paper  machines  and  60  vats 
in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia. 

1851.  M.  Adolphe  Roque,  who  had  bestowed 
many  years  of  patient  investigation  on  the  improve- 
ment of  the  manufacture  of  paper,  succeeded  in 
adapting  to  that  purpose  the  fibres  of  certain  filaceous 
plants,  especially  the  banana  and  the  aloe,  whereby  it 
was  expected  that  "  the  present  costly,  laborious, 
patchy,  rag  process  might  be  superseded  by  a  raw 
material  easily  procurable  in  large  quantities,  and 
safely  and  economically  worked  into  a  clear,  strong 
and  durable  texture." 

1 85 1.  The  paper  employed  in  the  manufacture  of 
books  in  Great  Britain  paid  an  excise  of  14  guineas  a 
ton,  being  about  one-fifth  the  selling  price  of  the 
article. 

1 85 1.  Samples  of  paper  made  from  alfa  fibre  were 
exhibited  at  the  London  exhibition,  in  the  Algerian 
section  of  French  products.  The  plant  is  abundant 
on  both  shores  of  the  Mediterranean, 

1 85 1.  At  the  great  exhibition  a  huge  sheet  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 23 

Nepal  paper  attracted  attention,  manufactured  from  a 
species  of  fibrous  plants  found  in  that  country,  by  a 
process  supposed  to  have  been  introduced  from  China. 

1 85 1.  There  were  20  paper  mills  in  Tuscany,  and 
2  English  machines  at  the  mill  near  Florence. 

1 85 1.  In  Switzerland  there  were  26  paper  machines 
and  40  vat-mills,  producing  together  annually  11,607 
tons.  The  wages  of  the  men  are  about  16  cents  a 
day,  and  of  women  about  1 1  cents.  No  paper  was 
exported. 

1 85 1.  There  were  six  paper  machines  distributed 
among  four  mills  in  the  Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom 
of  Italy. 

1851*  There  were  three  paper  machines  in  opera- 
tion in  the  Roman  states. 

1 85 1.  There  was  a  paper  mill  at  Smyrna,  having  a 
machine,  and  a  vat-mill  at  Constantinople,  which  was 
all  the  Turkish  empire  proper  afforded. 

1 85 1.  There  was  a  paper  mill  in  Egypt,  at  Boulac, 
near  Cairo,  which  was  a  vat-mill.  This  mill  belonged 
to  the  Khedive  in  1873,  an(*  employed  155  persons 
at  monthly  wages,  and  63  at  task.  Its  annual  product 
was  165,511  reams  of  paper  for  printing,  etc.,  and 
347  cwt.  of  wrapping. —  Paper  Trade  Journal,  p.  2, 
Jan.  15,  1874. 

1851.  There  were  13  paper  manufacturing  com- 
panies in  Lee,  Mass.,  running  25  mills,  and  producing 
at  the  rate  of  about  25,000  pounds  of  paper  per  day, 
valued  at  $6,300,  or  two  millions  a  year. 

1 85 1.  Nov.  11.    The  lower  paper  mill  at  Union 


1 24         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


Falls,  in  the  town  of  Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  owned  by 
George  W.  Ryan,  was  burnt,  with  a  large  quantity 
of  stock  ;  loss  more  than  $8,000  ;  insured  $4,000. 

1 85 1.  George  West,  of  Tyringham,  Mass.,  in- 
vented an  improvement  in  the  pulp-strainer,  which 
consisted  of  a  better  separator  of  the  impurities  by  a 
strainer,  operated  upon  by  a  bellows. 

1852.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland  was  154,469,211  pounds,  valued 
at  two  millions  sterling,  of  which  7,328,886  pounds 
were  exported. 

1852.  The  number  of  paper  mills  at  work  in  Eng- 
land was  304  ;  in  Scotland,  48  ;  in  Ireland,  28  ;  total, 
380.  There  were  1,616  beating  engines  at  wftrk,  and 
130  silent.  Sharp's  Gazetteer  states  the  number  of 
paper  mills  to  have  been  800,  employing  30,000  work- 
men ;  but  the  Jury  Report  of  the  London  Exhibition 
of  Industry,  gives  the  number  of  mills  as  being  only 
415,  including  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland  ;  some 
of  which  were  idle, 

1852.  J.  Mansell,  of  London,  patented  a  mode  of 
ornamenting  paper,  which  consisted  of  imparting  to  it 
a  resemblance  to  plain  damask  weaving,  by  passing  it 
between  plates. 

1852.  Jean  A.  Farina,  of  Paris,  obtained  a  pulp  for 
the  manufacture  of  paper  from  the  plant  called  spartum^ 
or  waterbroom,  using  both  the  stalks  and  the  roots. 
This  material  at  first  encountered  great  opposition 
both  from  proprietors  and  their  workmen,  but  finally 
assumed  vast  importance  as  a  raw  material.  The 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  125 


stationer  discovered  that  he  could  use  I2lb.  demy  as 
141b.  demy  rag.    It  was  known  to  the  Romans. 

1852.  G.  W.  Turner,  of  London,  improved  the 
paper  machine  by  the  application  of  the  endless  wire- 
web  in  combination  with  and  passing  around  the 
cylinder,  and  taking  the  pulp  up  from  the  vat,  carry- 
ing it  forward  and  submitting  it  to  the  action  of  the 
dandy  roller  and  pneumatic  trough,  taking  the  place 
of  the  fixed  wire-web  and  endless  felt,  in  the  cylinder 
machine,  and  the  wire-web  upon  which  the  pulp  flows 
in  the  Fourdrinier  machine.  Also  for  a  mode  of 
passing  the  paper  through  a  trough  of  size,  between 
two  endless  felts,  obtaining  a  uniform  and  thorough 
saturation. 

1852.  Joseph  Kingsland,  of  Saugerties,  and  Nor- 
man White,  of  New  York,  patented  an  inprovement 
in  the  mode  of  drying  sized  paper. 

1852.  The  United  States  exported  to  foreign  coun- 
tries paper  and  stationery  to  the  amount  of  $119,535, 
during  the  year  ending  June  30. 

1852.  The  export  of  paper  from  Germany  was 
40,000  quintals,  a  country  which  twenty  years  earlier 
imported  largely. 

1852.  The  prices  of  rags  in  England  were : 
1st  quality  261.        per  cwt. 
2d      "       1 6  j.  " 
3d      "       1  is.  6d.  " 
4th     "       ys.  " 
1852.  The  export  of  rags  from  England  had  sel- 
dom exceeded  500  tons  a  year,  but  this  year  no  less 


126 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


than  2,462  tons,  mostly  British  and  Irish,  were 
exported. 

1852.  The  United  States  imported  rags  from  thirty- 
two  countries,  to  the  amount  of  18,288,458  pounds, 
at  3.46  cents  a  pound,  amounting  to  $626,729.  The 
consumption  of  paper  was  equal  to  that  of  England 
and  France  together.  Of  the  supply  of  foreign  rags 
12,220,570  pounds  came  from  Italy. 

1852.  Spartum  or  waterbroom,  since  known  as 
Exparto,  a  fibrous  grass  which  grows  on  the  sandy 
shores  of  Spain,  was  introduced  as  paper  stock,  and 
has  ever  since  continued  to  be  the  most  valuable  fibre 
yet  discovered  as  a  substitute  for  that  of  linen.  See 
page  in,  waterbroom. 

1852.  Feb.  14.  A  paper  mill  at  Windsor  Locks, 
belonging  to  William  English,  was  burned  with  the 
stock  and  machinery  in  the  mill,  valued  at  $2,000. 

1852.  April  18.  The  paper  mill  of  John  and 
George  Maynard,  at  Hardwick,  Mass.,  was  burnt. 
Loss  $7,200. 

1852.  June  5.  The  Hollingsworth  paper  mill, 
at  Groton,  Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1852.  June  5.  Cauffman's  paper  mill,  near 
Mariottstown,  Md.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss 
$20,000,  partly  insured. 

1852.  The  paper  manufacturers  of  France  pub- 
lished a  protest  against  the  proposed  duty  on  paper, 
showing  that  it  would  not  produce  more  than  3,000,000 
of  francs  per  annum. 

1852.  July  10.    The  paper  mill  of  Platner& Smith, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  127 

at  East  Lee,  Mass.,  was  burnt ;  loss  about  $8,000, 
insured. 

1852.  July  30.  Smill  &  Bell's  mill  at  Old  Hadley, 
Mass.,  was  burnt.    Loss  $20,000  ;  insured  $6,000. 

1852.  Nov.  1 7.  Todd  &  Brother's  paper  mill  at 
Cooperstown,  was  burnt.  Loss  about  $30,000 ; 
insured,  $6,000. 

1852.  Coupier  &  Mellier,  at  Maidstone,  Eng., 
patented  a  process,  by  which  a  pulp  suitable  for  the 
manufacture  of  paper  was  to  be  prepared  from  wood. 
It  consisted  in  allowing  boiling  soda  or  potash  lye  to 
act  upon  the  wood  cut  into  small  pieces. 

1852.  There  were  exported  from  Cape  Haytien 
during  this  year,  1,436  pounds  of  rags. 

1853.  The  paper  mill  on  Chester  creek,  Pennsyl- 
vania, which  was  claimed  to  have  been  established  in 
17 13  (see  1729),  and  at  which  Franklin  procured  his 
paper,  was  announced  as  still  in  operation,  having 
adopted  none  of  the  improvements  of  modern  times, 
but  continued  to  manufacture  paper  in  the  same  mode 
as  was  pursued  a  hundred  and  forty  years  before. 

1853.  Jan#  I0#  Carter's  paper  mill,  near  Elkton, 
Md.,  was  burnt. 

1853.  A  sheet  of  paper  was  manufactured  at  Stir- 
ling, England,  3,000  yards  in  length,  and  54  inches 
wide,  weighing  400  pounds.  It  was  made  and  finished, 
it  is  stated,  within  three  hours,  at  a  cost  of  a  little  more 
than  <£io. 

1853.  &  J.  Ames,  extensive  manufacturers  at 
Springfield,  Mass.,  failed  for  a  large  sum.    See  p.  68. 


128 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 853.  Charles  Knight,  the  London  publisher,  stated 
that  in  twenty  years  he  had  paid  to  government,  in 
duty  on  paper,  .£50,000. 

1853.  Sept.  4-  The  mill  of  Jessup  &  Laflin  at 
Westfield,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  Loss  $2800  ;  insured 
$15,000. 

1853.  The  value  of  rags  imported  into  the  United 
States  from  abroad  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  was 
$982,837,  the  quantity  being  22,766,000  pounds  at 
4.31  cents.  Of  this  quantity  2,666,000  pounds  were 
obtained  in  England.  Italy  was  the  greatest  source 
of  supply,  the  quantity  furnished  being  14,171,292 
pounds.  Rags  were  imported  from  twenty-six  different 
countries. 

1853.  The  value  of  paper  and  articles  manufactured 
of  it,  imported  into  the  United  States  for  the  year 
ending  June  30,  was  $602,659,  exclusive  of  books. 

1853.  The  export  of  paper  and  stationery  from  this 
country  was  $122,212. 

1853.  The  import  of  rags  into  Great  Britain  during 
this  and  the  two  preceding  years  averaged  yearly  9,332 
tons. 

1853.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  annually 
in  Great  Britain  during  the  five  years  ending  with  this 
year,  was  1 5 1 ,234, 1 79  pounds ;  which  was  an  increase 
of  1 14  per  cent  in  twenty  years,  while  the  whole 
population  in  that  period  had  increased  not  more  than 
16  per  cent.  The  estimated  value  of  the  annual 
product  was  ,£4,000,000. 

1853.  The  q^ntity  of  paper  manufactured  in  Great 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  129 

Britain  and Ireland 'was  177,633,010  pounds,  of  which 
13,296,874  pounds  were  exported.  The  import  of 
paper  during  the  year  was  not  far  from  200,000  pounds; 
the  consumption  therefore  was  about  5.40  pounds  per 
capita  of  the  population. 

1853.  was  estimated  that  in  France  about  70,000 
tons  of  paper  were  produced  yearly;  in  England 
66,000  tons  ;  and  that  the  production  in  this  country 
was  nearly  equal  to  both  France  and  England. 

1853.  France?  with  a  population  of  36,000,000 
turned  into  paper  annually  105,000  tons  of  rags,  of 
which  6,000  tons  were  imported.  Great  Britain,  with 
28,000,000  population,  required  yearly  90,000  tons 
of  rags,  of  which  15,000  were  imported.  The  annual 
value  of  paper  manufactured  in  Great  Britain  was 
estimated  at  $17,760,000. 

1853.  Watt  and  Burgess  patented  in  England  a 
mode  of  producing  paper  from  wood.  The  wood  was 
first  reduced  to  shavings  or  fine  cuttings.  They  took 
out  a  patent  for  the  same  in  the  United  States  in  the 
following  year. 

1853.  Brown  &  Mcintosh,  of  Aberdeen,  invented 
hollow  moulds,  composed  of  perforated  metal,  wire, 
or  other  suitable  material,  covered  with  felt,  within 
which,  after  their  immersion  in  pulp,  a  partial  vacuum 
is  created,  so  as  to  cause  the  pulp  to  adhere  or  be 
deposited  on  the  felt  surface  in  a  layer  of  uniform 
thickness. 

1853.  A.  Lavender  and  Henry  Lowe,  of  Bal- 
timore, Md.,  produced  samples  of  paper  from  southern 


130        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


canes,  and  from  white  pine  shavings.  They  were 
sanguine  that  with  proper  apparatus,  paper  could  be 
made  of  reeds,  or  wood,  as  the  main  staple,  by  their 
process,  worth  from  12J  to  16  cents  a  pound,  at  a 
cost  not  exceeding  6J  cents  a  pound. 

1 853.  J.  P.  Comly,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  patented  an 
improvement  for  separating  paper  by  single  sheets, 
which  was  finally  successful,  he  claims. 

1853.  Messrs.  Coupin  &  Mellier  of  France,  pro- 
duced some  specimens  of  straw  paper  at  the  Crystal 
palace  exhibition,  manufactured  at  their  mill  by  a 
process  of  their  own  invention,  which  was  claimed  to 
equal  rag  paper. 

1853.  Nov.  26,  John  Satterly's  mill  at  Little  Falls 
was  burnt.    Loss  about  $10,000  ;  insured  for  $6,000. 

1853.  Nov.  20.  The  mill  of  John  Wrinkle  &  Co. 
at  Colebrook,  Conn.,  was  burnt.  Loss  about  $8,000 ; 
insured  for  $5,000. 

1853.  A  German  patented  in  England  a  machine 
for  manufacturing  paper  from  wood.  It  planed  and 
cut  the  wood  into  small  particles  and  shavings  pre- 
paratory to  being  acted  upon  by  the  engine.  The 
inventor  stated  that  paper  was  manufactured  in  the 
cheapest  manner  from  fir,  pine  and  willow  trees. 

1853.  G.  Stiff  obtained  a  patent  in  England  for 
forming  paper  by  using  lime  water  in  place  of  the 
ordinary  alkaline  solution,  in  making  paper  of  straw, 
grass,  and  other  materials. 

1853.  The  importation  of  paper  into  France  did 
not   exceed    337,104    pounds  ;  the    exports  were 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  131 

17,053,667  pounds.  This  gave  16,716,553  excess 
of  exports.  Deduct  this  amount  from  156,800,000 
pounds,  the  quantity  manufactured,  and  we  have  left 
for  consumption,  140,083,447  pounds,  or  3,89  pounds 
per  capita  of  the  population. 

1853.  The  value  of  paper  imported  into  the  city 
of  New  York  was  computed  to  amount  to  $340,824. 
By  another  account  it  was  stated  to  consist  of  3,418 
packages,  valued  at  $860,628. 

1854.  Samuel  Nolan  and  Prof.  Antisel  announced 
the  invention  of  a  new  paper  making  machine,  for  the 
purpose  of  working  a  new  material  into  paper,  which 
should  greatly  reduce  the  high  price  to  which  paper 
had  arisen. 

1854.  A  practical  chemist  exhibited  in  New  York 
specimens  of  paper  made  entirely  of  straw,  and  others 
of  grass,  of  a  superior  quality,  which  he  asserted  that 
he  could  produce  for  about  half  the  cost  of  rag  paper. 
He  claimed  the  knowledge  of  a  process  for  depriving 
straw  of  its  silex,  and  other  properties  detrimental  to 
the  strength,  opacity  and  pliability  requisite  in  paper 
for  general  use. 

1854.  The  consumption  of  rags  in  the  manufacture 
of  paper  in  Great  Britain,  by  380  mills,  was  about  201 
million  pounds,  an  increase  of  about  one-half  in  twenty 
years.  The  quantity  of  paper  produced  therefrom 
was  stated  at  177,890,000  lbs.  of  which  161,700,000 
lbs.  were  consumed,  and  16,112,000  lbs.  exported. 
In  France  the  consumption  of  235,200,000  lbs.  of 
rags  was  supposed  to  produce  156,300,000  lbs.  of 


132        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


paper.  The  consumption  of  rags  in  the  United  States 
was  assumed  to  be  405,000,000  lbs.,  and  the  weight 
of  paper  made,  270,000,000  lbs. 

1854.  It  was  stated  on  the  authority  of  the  Dema- 
rara  Royal  Gazette,  that  paper  of  a  good  quality  had 
been  successfully  manufactured  in  that  region  from 
the  plantain. 

1854.  Mons.  Vivien,  of  Paris,  attempted  to  con- 
vert leaves  into  a  paper  suitable  for  wrapping.  The 
leaves  were  collected  at  a  suitable  season,  and  cut 
into  small  pieces  and  pressed  into  a  kind  of  cake, 
which  was  afterwards  steeped  in  lime  water  and  re- 
duced to  pulp  in  the  ordinary  manner. 

1854.  The  quantity  of  rags  annually  consumed  in 
Great  Britain  and  France  combined  was  computed  at 
436,800,000  pounds,  producing  291,200,000  pounds 
of  paper,  which  was  4.55  pounds  per  capita;  while 
the  per  capita  of  the  United  States  was  10.80. 

1854.  The  entire  body  of  paper  makers  in  Holland, 
more  than  160  in  number,  petitioned  the  government 
against  the  free  export  of  rags,  which  they  alleged 
would  destroy  their  business,  the  neighboring  states 
having  prohibited  such  exports  or  charged  them  with 
high  duties. 

1854.  M.  Kelin,  of  Belgium,  invented  a  process 
for  converting  straw  into  paper,  which  differed  from 
any  other  in  use.  The  straw  was  steeped  in  water 
sixty  hours,  when  the  liquid  was  run  off  and  the  straw 
washed  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  water.  It  was  then 
flattened  by  being  passed  between  two  rollers  while 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  133 

in  a  damp  state,  and  afterwards  cut  into  fibres  of 
suitable  length,  and  exposed  to  the  sun's  rays,  until 
sufficiently  bleached.  It  was  now  submitted  to  another 
steeping  process,  of  three  or  four  days,  and  subjected 
to  the  action  of  a  solution  of  hyper-chloride  of  potash 
or  soda  until  the  straw  acquired  a  sufficient  degree  of 
whiteness,  when  it  was  put  into  the  engine. 

1 854.  T.  G.  Taylor  patented  a  mode  of  manufactur- 
ing paper  from  the  stalks  of  the  hop  plant,  in  England. 

1854.  John  Evans  also  obtained  a  patent  in  the 
same  country  for  a  new  manufacture  of  paper  from 
Brazilian  grass  ;  and  John  Jeyes  for  the  manufacture 
of  paper  from  twitch  or  couch  grass. 

1854.  S.  G.  Levis,  of  Delaware  county,  Penn., 
patented  an  improvement  in  the  mode  of  making 
thick  paper. 

1854.  E.  Maniere  obtained  a  patent  in  England  for 
fire-proof  paper.  The  invention  consisted  in  applying 
asbestos  to  the  manufacture  of  paper.  The  asbestos 
was  rendered  very  fine  and  pulpy,  and  was  mixed  with 
the  pulp  of  rags. 

1854.  Messrs.  John  Richmond  and  Ephraim  Cush- 
man,  of  Amherst,  Mass.,  patented  an  improvement  for 
drying  thick  paper.  11  We  claim  drying  thick  paper, 
and  at  the  same  time  preventing  it  from  warping  out 
of  shape,  to  wit,  by  placing  the  sheets  in  a  pulpy  state 
upon  heated  tables  or  platforms,  and  allowing  them  to 
remain  until  they  harden  to  such  a  degree  as  to  begin 
to  warp  out  of  shape,  and  then  causing  open  or  lattice 
weights  to  be  let  down  upon  them,  which  rest  upon 


134  Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


their  edges  or  points  at  different  parts  of  the  sheets^ 
and  preserve  them  in  flat  positions  until  entirely  dry." 
—  C.  Gen.,  339. 

1854.  E.  L.  Perkins,  of  Roxbury,  Mass.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  polishing  paper. 

1854.  A  French  paper  maker  experimented  with 
wood  in  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Having  taken  off 
the  bark,  the  wood  was  cut  into  shavings,  and  the 
shavings,  which  were  very  thin,  were  placed  in  water 
six  or  eight  days;  then,  dried;  then  reduced  to  the 
finest  powder  possible.  This  was  mixed  with  rag 
pulp  and  subjected  to  the  ordinary  process.  All  white 
woods,  such  as  poplar,  lime,  and  willow,  were  deemed 
suitable. 

1854.  A  French  paper  maker  exhibited  at  the 
World's  fair  in  New  York,  specimens  of  paper  made 
of  straw,  which  for  whiteness,  strength  and  beauty  of 
finish  appeared  to  be  nearly  equal  to  rag  paper.  It 
was  manufactured  by  Coupier  &  Mellier,  who  patented 
the  process  in  this  country.  Their  success  was  su- 
perior to  any  of  the  150  inventors  who  had  patented  as 
many  different  processes  in  England  and  France  alone. 

1854.  The  Ledger,  a  Philadelphia  daily  paper,  hav- 
ing a  very  large  circulation,  perhaps  20,000  or  30,000 
a  day,  was  printed  on  paper  made  principally  of  straw, 
costing  9  cents  a  pound.  It  was  a  very  inferior  quality 
for  the  purpose.  It  was  manufactured  by  Fienour  & 
Nixon,  at  Manayunk,  by  what  was  denominated 
Mellier's  process,  by  which,  it  was  claimed,  paper 
could  be  made  of  almost  any  vegetable  fibrous  substance. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  135 

1854.  The  quantity  of  paper  manufactured  in  Great 
Britain,  chargeable  with  excise  duty,  was  179,896,222 
pounds,  being  an  increase  of  more  than  a  hundred 
million  pounds,  in  twenty  years.  Of  this  quantity 
the  exports  were  16,1 12,020  pounds.  The  estimated 
value  of  the  paper  manufactured  was  ^2,000,000  ster- 
ling.   [See  1853.] 

1854.  There  were  6  paper  mills  in  North  Carolina, 
consuming  over  3,000,000  pounds  of  stock. 

1854.  There  were  750  [450  ?]  paper  mills  in  the 
United  States,  in  active  operation,  having  3,000  en- 
gines, and  producing  annually  about  250  million  pounds 
of  paper,  averaging  about  10  cents  a  pound.  This 
required  405  million  pounds  of  rags,  costing  4  cents 
a  pound,  for  which  our  seamen  had  to  scour  every 
quarter  of  the  globe.  The  cost  of  labor  was  estimated 
at  if  cents  a  pound  ;  the  cost  of  labor  and  stock  united 
would  be  nearly  twenty  millions  of  dollars.  The  total 
cost  of  manufactuting  $27,000,000  worth  of  paper 
was  supposed  to  be  $23,625,000.  The  demand,  how- 
ever, still  exceeded  the  supply,  so  that  the  price  was 
advanced  i\  cents  a  pound. 

1854.  The  annual  consumption  of  rags  in  Great 
Britain  was  computed  to  exceed  120,000  tons,  three- 
fourths  of  which  were  imported,  principally  from  Italy 
and  Germany. 

1854.  The  imports  of  paper  and  its  manufactures 
into  the  United  States  during  the  year  ending  June 
30,  amounted  to  $757,829. 

1854.  The  prices  of  rags  in  England  were  : 


136        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1st  quality,  32*.  to  341.  per  cwt. 

2d       "      20J.  " 

3d      "      151.  " 

4th     cc      ioj.  " 
1854.  Tuscan  rags  used  formerly  to  be  sent  wholly 
to  the  United  States.    The  quantity  shipped  at  this 
time  was  from  10,000  to  12,000  tons  a  year.  Sub- 
sequently a  portion  of  her  exports  went  to  England. 

1854.  The  demand  for  paper  in  England  affected 
the  market  in  Jamaica  so  much  that  the  two  principal 
journals  were  compelled  to  reduce  the  size  of  their 
papers. 

1854.  The  rise  in  the  price  of  paper,  2 \  cents  a 
pound,  obliged  the  publishers  of  cheap  papers  to  in- 
crease their  prices  or  reduce  their  sizes.  Complaints 
of  the  price  and  scarcity  of  paper  were  universal.  The 
New  York  Tribune  was  forced  to  go  back  to  its  former 
size.  The  Journal  of  Commerce  said  that  it  paid  from 
forty  to  fifty  thousand  dollars  a  year  for  paper.  The 
New  York  Times  said  that  their  bill  for  paper  was  sixty 
thousand  dollars.  The  Daily  Evening  Register  of 
Philadelphia  was  discontinued  on  account  of  the  high 
price  of  paper.  The  Sun^  the  oldest  of  the  penny  papers, 
was  also  reduced  in  size.    Others  put  up  their  prices. 

1854.  George  W.  Beardslee,  of  Albany,  made  ex- 
periments with  basswood,  which  resulted  in  obtaining 
a  beautiful  paper ;  the  woody  fibre  was  reduced  to  a 
pulp  of  fine  whiteness,  and  the  paper  was  soft  and 
strong,  but  it  was  supposed  to  contain  a  large  per 
centage  of  rags. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  137 

1854.  A  paper  manufacturer  in  Otsego  county, 
N.  Y.,  patented  a  mode  of  working  the  fibrous  parts 
of  swingle  tow  into  paper,  in  such  a  way  as  to  produce 
a  firm  and  very  white  article  ;  yet  so  specious  did  it 
appear,  that  the  editor  of  the  Albany  Argus  was  led  to 
suggest  the  possibility  that  the  tree  of  knowledge  might 
have  been  a  basswood  ! 

1854.  By  the  reciprocity  treaty  with  Great  Britain, 
rags,  the  growth  of  the  British  North  American  colo- 
nies or  of  the  United  States,  were  to  be  admitted  into 
each  country,  respectively,  free  of  duty. 

1854.  R.  &  J.  C.  Martin  secured  a  patent  in  Eng- 
land for  obtaining  a  pulp  from  wood,  by  first  saturating 
with  water,  planks  and  other  pieces  of  wood,  then 
subjecting  their  surfaces  to  a  toothed  cylinder,  or  other 
instrument  having  teeth  resembling  a  saw  or  rasp  \  by 
which  the  wood  was  reduced  to  a  suitable  pulp. 

1 854.  A  patent  was  granted  to  Alexander  Brown,  in 
England,  for  the  production  of  paper  from  the  bracken, 
or  fern  plants,  of  Scotland.  Every  part  of  the  plant 
possesses  strong  fibres,  producing  a  powerfully  coher- 
ing pulp,  requiring  little  or  no  sizing. 

1854.  James  Sinclair  patented  in  England  the  dis- 
covery of  the  use  of  thistles  in  the  manufacture  of 
paper,  which  had  been  known  and  experimented  upon 
nearly  a  century. 

1854.  C.  Hill  manufactured  paper  in  England  from 
the  stem  and  roots  of  horseradish,  the  rush  and  flag, 
and  the  vegetable  remains  of  manures,  which  were 
bleached  and  reduced  to  pulp  by  the  usual  modes. 
12 


138        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1854.  The  exports  of  paper  and  stationery  from  the 
United  States  is  said  to  have  been  $187,325,  and  of 
books  and  maps,  $191,843. 

1854.  J.  Lallemand,  of  Besan^on,  France,  patented 
a  mode  of  making  paper  from  peat. 

1 854.  The  quantity  of  rags  imported  into  the  United 
States  this  year  was  32,615,753  pounds,  of  which 
24,240,999  pounds  came  from  Italy.  The  total  value 
of  them  was  $1,010,443,  at  3.09  cents  a  pound. 

1 854.  Obadiah  Marland,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  paper  making  machines. 

1854.  Herr  von  Parmewitz,  inventor  of  a  process 
of  making  wool  from  pine  trees,  presented  to  the  king 
of  Prussia  specimens  of  paper  made  of  the  same  mate- 
ral.  Paper  was  also  made  of  the  red  pine  at  Giers- 
dorf,  which  was  said  to  be  so  white  and  good  as  to  be 
fit  for  writing  or  drawing,  and  needed  no  sizing  because 
of  its  resinous  quality. 

1854.  Woodward  and  Bartlett,  of  Massachusetts, 
patented  an  improvement  in  the  machines  for  cutting 
rags. 

1855.  A  specimen  of  paper  manufactured  from  the 
common  cane,  the  bamboo  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
was  exhibited  at  St.  Louis,  and  highly  approved  of. 

1 855.  Watt  &  Burgess,  of  London,  made  elaborate 
experiments  for  the  conversion  of  woody  fibre  into 
pulp.  The  wood  was  first  boiled  in  caustic  soda  ley, 
and  washed  free  from  alkalies  ;  it  was  then  subjected 
to  the  action  of  chlorine,  or  an  oxygenated  compound 
of  chlorine,  and  again  washed  to  remove  the  hydro- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  139 

chloric  acid,  when  the  wood  was  again  treated  with 
caustic  soda  ley,  and  became  immediately  reduced  to 
pulp ;  which  being  well  washed  and  bleached  was 
ready  to  be  manufactured  into  paper.  Paper  of  this 
material,  it  was  claimed,  would  cost  only  X24  a  ton, 
but  if  made  of  rags  would  cost  £40. 

1855.  Henry  Fourdrinier,  surviving  partner  of  the 
great  firm  engaged  in  the  paper  manufacture,  in  Eng- 
land, died,  aged  90.  The  Messrs,  Fourdrinier  ex- 
hausted a  vast  fortune  in  perfecting  the  paper  machine 
which  bears  their  name,  and  died  in  poverty. 

1855.  The  export  duty  on  rags  was  abolished  in 
England. 

1855.  J.  N.  Nevin,  of  Scotland,  succeeded  in  fab- 
ricating rope  and  paper  from  the  common  garden 
holyhock.  It  had  the  appearance  and  texture  of  such 
paper  as  was  used  for  bags  and  parcels  by  grocers, 
and  was  very  clean  and  firm. 

1855.  A  French  paper-hanger  was  engaged  in  pro- 
ducing a  design  requiring  upwards  of  three  thousand 
blocks,  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,  the  design  alone  costing 
$6,000. 

1855.  March  6.  Daniel  Joseph  Patrick  Hen- 
nessy  died  at  Brussells  aged  74  ;  proprietor  of  the 
extensive  paper  mills  at  La  Huepe  in  Brabant.  *  He 
introduced  improvements  which  completely  changed 
the  mode  of  manufacturing  paper  in  that  country,  for 
which  he  received  at  various  industrial  exhibitions 
the  gold  medals  awarded  on  such  occasions.  He 
claimed  descent  from  the  Irish  kings,  and  his  im- 


140 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


mediate  ancestors  were  Jacobin  emigrants. — Jour, 
de  1'  Imprimerie  Belgique^  part  xn,  feuilleton. 

1 855.  The  London  Economist  asserted  that,  so  great 
was  the  consumption  of  paper  by  the  reading  and 
writing  population  of  Great  Britain,  rags  could  not  be 
procured  in  sufficient  quantity  to  meet  the  demand. 

1855.  The  paper  mill  belonging  to  Messrs.  Parker, 
at  Westville,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1855.  The  paper  mill  of  B.  B.  Bradley,  at  Niagara 
Falls,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1855.  James  N.  Kellogg,  foreman  of  Dupont's 
paper  mill  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  made  experiments  in 
manufacturing  paper  from  undressed  flax. 

1855.  The  Saratoga  Whig  was  printed  on  paper 
made  principally  of  straw  by  Messrs.  Buchanan  & 
Kilmer  at  Rock  city.  These  manufacturers  employed 
a  French  process  of  bleaching,  and  were  successful 
in  making  printing  and  writing  paper  of  good  quality 
from  three-fourths  straw. 

1855.  The  consumption  of  paper  by  The  Times  of 
London,  was  nearly  9  tons  a  day  ;  a  quantity  which, 
the  sheets  being  laid  open  and  piled  upon  each  other, 
would  rise  to  the  height  of  fifty  feet ;  so  that  the 
supply  for  eight  days  would  exactly  equal  the  height 
of  Sfc  Paul's  Cathedral. 

1855.  The  rise  of  one-halfpenny  a  pound  in  the 
price  of  paper  in  England  affected  the  public  journals 
so  much,  that  the  loss  thereby  sustained  by  The  Times 
alone,  was  upwards  of  $10,000  per  annum,  inducing 
the  proprietors  of  that  journal  to  offer  a  reward  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  141 

<£  1,000  for  the  discovery  of  a  new  and  readily  available 
material  for  paper  stock. 

1855.  An  Englishman  by  the  name  of  Watts 
patented  a  mode  of  producing  paper  from  wood  shav- 
ings and  bran,  which  he  expected  would  take  the 
premium  offered  by  the  proprietors  of  The  Times  for 
the  discovery  of  a  new  material  for  the  production  of 
paper. 

1855.  The  extensive  paper  mill  of  Gaunt  &  Der- 
rickson,  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  was  almost  totally  destroyed 
by  fire.  The  loss  was  estimated  at  $150,000.  The 
mill  was  in  full  operation  when  the  fire  broke  out. 
It  was  insured  for  $52,000. 

1855.  A  paper  mill  which  had  stood  twenty  years 
at  Essex,  Vt.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  with  its  contents  ; 
loss  $12,000. 

1855.  Hugh  Burgess  of  Roger's  Ford,  on  the 
Schuylkill,  introduced  a  process  of  reducing  poplar 
wood  to  paper  pulp  by  boiling  it  in  caustic  soda 
under  pressure.  The  process  of  A.  C.  Mellier  for 
the  preparation  of  straw,  combined  with  the  above, 
became  the  property  of  the  American  Wood  Paper 
Company,  and  was  successfully  used  in  the  treatment 
of  poplar  for  paper  stock  ;  "  the  crossing  fibres  of  pop- 
lar, held  together  by  an  albuminous  mastic,"  were 
dissolved  by  the  united  processes  of  the  above  patentees. 

1855.  ^  is  stated  in  the  New  York  Paper-Makers' 
Circular,  that  the  number  of  mills  in  operation  in 
Austria  at  this  time,  was  535,  giving  employment  to 
12,000  workmen;  and  that  there  were  165  mills  ir 


142        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


the  various  kingdoms  and  duchies  constituting  the 
Zollverein  states  of  Germany.  But  as  this  is  less  than 
half  the  number  in  operation  ten  years  earlier,  there 
would  seem  to  be  some  mistake,  or  the  machines  had 
greatly  diminished  the  number  of  hand-mills. 

1855.  M.  D.  Whipple,  of  Charlestown,  Mass., 
obtained  a  patent  for  preparing  wood  for  paper-pulp. 

1855.  George  W,  Beardslee  having  made  satisfac- 
tory experiments  for  the  conversion  of  woody  sub- 
stances into  paper,  commenced  the  erection  of  a  mill 
at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  for  the  purpose  of  manufac- 
turing paper  of  bass-wood  and  other  ligneous  sub- 
stances, under  the  auspices  of  a  joint  stock  company. 
The  enterprise  was  unsuccessful. 

1855.  S.  R.  Andries,  of  Chamblee,  Canada,  ex- 
hibited paper  made  of  gnaphalie,  or  life  everlasting, 
which  he  claimed  could  be  produced  cheaper  than 
any  other  substance  for  the  purpose  of  being  manu- 
factured into  paper. 

1855.  Horace  W.  Peaslee,  of  Maiden  Bridge,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  a  machine  for  washing  paper  stock. 

1855.  Gr.  E.  Simon  obtained  a  patent  in  England 
for  a  mode  of  manufacturing  paper  from  plants  of  the 
different  species  of  the  family  sparganium. 

1855.  G.  Martonoi  patented  in  England  a  peculiar 
process  for  producing  paper  from  seaweed. 

1855.  Egyptian  rags  did  not  make  appearance  in 
this  country  until  the  present  year,  when  a  cargo  of 
1 21 5  bales  arrived,  and  were  purchased  by  J.  Priestley 
&  Co.  at  4  and  3§  cents  a  pound  on  six  and  eight 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  143 

months'  time.  The  bill  amounted  to  $25,000.  — 
Paper  Trade  Reporter. 

1855.  W.  Barabee  undertook  the  introducion  of 
perfumes  into  the  pulp  of  paper,  which  he  thought  of 
sufficient  importance  to  secure  by  a  patent,  in  England. 

1855.  The  drawback  on  paper  used  in  printing 
Bibles  and  Prayer  Books  in  England,  was  .£9,958  ; 
in  Scotland,  £2,088. 

1855.  The  United  States  imported  40,013,516 
pounds  of  rags,  of  which  23,948,612  came  from  Italy. 
The  value  of  these  rags  was  $1,235,151,  or  very 
nearly  3.06  cents  a  pound. 

1855.  Richard  Herring  published  a  work,  in  Lon- 
don, on  ancient  and  modern  paper  and  paper  making, 
with  25  specimens  of  paper,  and  on  engraving  of  the 
paper  making  machine. 

1855.  Henry  Glynn,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  manfacture  of 
paper  pulp. 

1855.  Improvements  in  machinery  and  mode  of 
manufacture,  and  the  application  of  steam,  had  reduced 
the  number  of  mills  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  to 
380,  or  nearly  one-half,  in  twenty  years ;  while  the 
quantity  of  rags  annually  consumed  had  risen  to 
201,600,000  pounds,  or  over  a  hundred  per  cent. 

1855.  Louis  Koch,  of  New  York  city,  patented  an 
improvement  in  manufacturing  paper  pulp. 

1855.  Charles  H.  Hall,  of  Portland,  Maine,  made 
experiments  with  barks  of  trees,  and  succeeded 
in  producing  wrapping  paper  advantageously.  He 


144        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

fitted  up  a  mill  at  Waterville  for  the  purpose  of  manu- 
facturing on  a  large  scale. 

1855.  Kayaderosseros  paper  mill,  near  Ballston 
Spa,  N.  Y.,  erected  in  1854,  was  stopped.  It  was 
designed  for  the  manufacture  of  hanging  paper,  and 
had  four  engines  of  500  pounds  capacity,  one  of  Gavit's 
72  inch  machines,  revolving  iron  bleach,  and  all  the 
modern  machinery  for  staining,  printing,  and  decorating 
in  the  highest  style  of  the  art,  costing  about  $85,000. 

1855.  The  paper  mill  of  C.  &  O.  Clark,  at  Wood- 
ville,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  four  engines,  was 
burnt;  loss  $12,000.  It  was  rebuilt  the  next  year, 
and  furnished  with  four  large  engines,  and  a  62  inch 
machine,  and  turned  out  one  ton  of  print  a  day. 

1856.  The  New  York  Mercantile  Library  received 
a  unique  work  on  paper  manufactures,  prepared  by 
T.  H.  Saunders,  of  London,  for  the  Paris  exposition. 
It  contains  a  history  of  this  department  of  industry, 
followed  by  specimens  of  the  different  varieties  of 
hand  and  machine  made  paper,  and  of  papers  destined 
to  special  uses,  as  bank  notes,  checks,  photographs. 
It  is  estimated  that  the  work  could  not  have  cost  less 
than  a  thousand  dollars. 

1856.  The  consumption  of  paper  in  the  United 
States  was  computed  to  equal  that  of  England  and 
France  together.  Thus  in  France,  with  35  millions  of 
inhabitants,  only  70,000  tons  of  paper  were  produced 
in  a  year,  of  which  one-seventh  was  for  exportation. 
In  Great  Britain,  with  28,000,000  of  inhabitants,  only 
66,000  tons  were  produced.    While  in  the  United 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  145 

States,  young  and  but  little  advanced  in  manufactures, 
200,000  tons  were  annually  manufactured. 

1856.  Henry  Lowe,  of  Baltimore  county,  Maryland, 
made  an  experiment  with  southern  cane,  and  produced 
a  creditable  specimen  of  paper,  which  was  used  in 
printing  the  Baltimore  County  Advocate.  His  mill  was 
employed  exclusively  in  manufacturing  wrapping  paper. 

1856.  The  sum  of  ,£9,094  was  paid  in  England  for 
drawback  of  duty  on  paper  used  in  printing  Bibles, 
Testaments  and  Prayer  Books,  and  £1,200  in  Scotland. 

1856.  The  mills  of  the  Chelsea  manufacturing 
company  at  Norwich,  Ct.,  were  producing  7  tons  of 
paper  daily  ;  and  the  Pacific  mills  at  Windsor  Locks 
were  supposed  to  be  unsurpassed  in  their  capacity  by 
any  mills  in  the  world. 

1856.  The  extensive  paper  mills  of  Piersse  & 
Brooks,  at  Windsor  Locks,  Conn.,  were  burnt,  in- 
volving a  loss  of  $75,000,  two-thirds  of  which  was 
insured. 

1856.  Edward  Grantless,  a  marble  cutter,  of  Glas- 
gow, obtained  a  patent  for  a  mode  of  making  paper 
of  stone  ! 

1856.  It  was  claimed  that  an  excellent  pulp  for 
paper  was  obtained  by  subjecting  to  a  newly  invented 
process,  the  Scotch  fern  plant,  the  stems,  stalks,  and 
even  the  roots  of  which  possessed  a  strong  fibre,  which 
was  found  to  be  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  manufacture 
of  a  powerfully  cohering  paper  pulp  ;  that  the  plants 
might  be  used  either  green  or  dry,  but  the  latter  was 
preferable. 

13 


146         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1856.  Paper  for  wrapping  purposes  was  made  at  a 
mill  near  Hagarstown,  Md.,  from  refuse  leather  scrap- 
ings about  currier's  shops. 

1856.  March  5.  The  mill  of  Leonard  Whitney 
&  Son,  at  Watertown,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  Loss 
$12,000,  half  of  which  amount  was  insured. 

1856.  It  was  estimated  that  if  all  the  paper  con- 
sumed in  one  year  by  the  newspapers  in  the  city  of 
New  York  was  put  upon  wagons,  containing  two 
tons  each,  they  would  form  a  procession  thirty  miles 
in  length,  requiring  6,000  wagons. 

1856.  Lasare  Ochs,  of  Belgium,  patented  a  mode 
of  obtaining  paper  from  cuttings,  waste,  and  scraps  of 
tanned  leather.  The  scraps  were  placed  in  sieves  on 
the  ends  of  arms  or  spokes  on  a  wheel,  and  then  made 
to  revolve  in  a  stream  of  water  \  which  operation,  if 
continued  long  enough,  washed  out  the  tannin  from 
the  leather.  After  this  about  twenty  per  cent  of  old 
hemp  rope  was  mixed  and  the  whole  cut  up  and  re- 
duced to  pulp,  from  which  a  coarse  wrapping  was  the 
result.  A  fair  quality  of  paper  was  also  obtained  by 
the  usual  process,  it  was  claimed. 

1856.  Wm.  Clark,  of  Dayton,  O.,  patented  im- 
provements in  making  paper  of  the  bark  of  the  cotton 
stalk.  Instead  of  using  lime  or  other  alkalies,  he  boiled 
coal  tar  with  the  material  used,  in  a  peculiar  manner. 

1856.  Horace  W.  Peaslee,  of  Maiden  Bridge, 
N.  Y.,  obtained  a  patent  for  a  drying  cylinder.  He 
employed  a  spiral  tubular  heater,  upon  a  nonconduct- 
ing cylinder,  in  combination  with  an  exterior  metallic 
casing  as  set  forth. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  147 

1856.  The  amount  of  paper  imported  into  France 
during  this  and  the  two  preceding  years,  was  23,000 
tons,  having  a  value  of  about  $7,500,000.  The 
amount  exported  was  114  tons,  valued  at  $200,000. 

1856.  P.  H.  Wait,  of  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  patented 
an  improvement  in  felt  guides. 

1856.  Francis  Burke,  of  Montserrat,  West  Indies, 
invented  a  mode  of  preparing  paper  pulp  from  the 
fibres  of  endogenous  plants,  without  having  recourse 
to  the  process  of  separating  the  fibrous  matter  from 
the  component  parts  of  vegetable  substances,  which 
is  described  in  Wells's  Annual  of  Scientific  Discovery 
for  1857,  P-  89- 

1856.  Pierre  J.  Davis,  of  Paris,  patented  an  im- 
provement in  bleaching  paper,  which  is  described  in 
the  same  work  as  the  above.  Also,  H.  Hodgkins 
of  Belfast,  Ireland. 

1856.  M.  Didot,  of  Paris,  patented  a  new  method 
of  bleaching  paper-pulp.  He  immersed  the  pulp  in  a 
solution  of  bleaching  liquor,  made  by  saturating  chlo- 
ride of  lime  in  water,  and  using  the  clear  liquor,  and 
then  passed  carbonic  acid  gas  through  it. 

1856.  Cowley  &  Sullivan,  of  England,  patented  a 
mode  of  bleaching  straw  pulp.  The  liquor  (chlorine) 
is  \\  to  2°  in  Twaddle's  hygrometer,  in  strength; 
but  a  lower  strength  will  not  bleach  the  pulp,  and  a 
stronger  liquor  will  injure  it,  and  not  produce  so  good 
a  color.  While  the  straw  is  undergoing  bleaching,  it 
is  carefully  watched,  and  as  soon  as  it  assumes  a  red- 
ish  color,  just  merging  on  the  white,  a  jet  of  steam 


148         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


is  cautiously  let  on  and  continued  two  hours,  until  the 
liquor  has  attained  a  blood  heat,  or  90°,  which  is  kept 
up  about  two  hours  longer,  when  the  straw  will  be 
completely  bleached,  and  fit  for  the  beating  engine. 
Unless  the  steam  is  gradually  introduced,  the  color 
will  not  be  good. 

1856.  Vespasian  O.  Balcom,  of  Bedford,  Mass- 
achusetts, obtained  a  patent  for  an  improvement  in 
grinding  paper  stock,  which  consisted  of  a  revolving 
pulp-tub,  in  combination  with  a  grooved  grinding 
roller,  revolved  thereon  at  a  greater  or  different  speed 
than  the  tub. 

1856.  Joseph  Kingsland,  Jr.,  of  Franklin,  N.  J., 
patented  an  improvement  in  the  engine  for  grinding 
pulp  —  a  process  of  reducing  fibrous  matter  in  water 
to  pulp,  by  grinding  it  under  hydraulic  pressure,  which 
creates  a  current  that  feeds  the  fibres  into  the  grinder, 
and  removes  it  therefrom  as  fast  as  it  is  sufficiently 
reduced,  and  renders  the  feeding  independent  of  the 
grinding. 

1856.  The  straw  paper  mill  of  John  R.  Hoes,  at 
Stuyvesant  Falls,  Columbia  county,  New  York,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  with  all  the  stock  and  machinery. 
The  loss  was  $8,000,  there  being  no  insurance  upon 
any  part  of  it. 

1856.  The  Overland  Mail^  published  at  Hong 
Kong,  China,  was  printed  on  stout  and  heavy  paper, 
of  fine  texture,  made  from  the  shavings  of  bamboo. 

1856.  There  were  twenty  paper  mills  with  seventy- 
five  engines  in  the  town  of  Lee,  Mass.    These  con- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 49 

sumed  1,100,000  pounds  of  rags  annually,  and  gave 
employment  to  1,000  people  ;  the  quantity  of  paper 
manufactured  was  780,000  reams,  worth  $1,300,000. 
Much  of  this  was  a  cheap  writing  paper. 

1856.  July  31.  The  paper  mill  of  G.  W.  Ingalls, 
at  Ballston  Spa,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss  $20,000 ; 
insured  $12,000. 

1856.  Israel  Kinsey,  of  Hohokus,  N.  J.,  patented 
an  improvement  in  feeding  pulp  to  machines. 

1856.  William  Clark,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  patented 
a  mode  of  making  paper  from  straw. 

1856.  An  English  manufacturer  produced  paste- 
board from  beet  roots. 

1856.  Dr.  Terry,  of  Detroit,  experimented  upon 
a  species  of  moss  obtained  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region,  and  obtained  a  beautiful  white  paper,  without 
any  peculiar  process.  The  moss  existed  in  great 
quantities,  on  Isle  Royal  and  other  localities,  and 
could  be  procured  at  a  very  moderate  cost. 

1856.  An  unusual  freshet  occurred  in  the  Kaya- 
derosseras  river,  by  which  the  paper  mills  situated 
upon  it  suffered  to  great  extent  by  the  loss  of  their 
dams  or  damage  to  the  mills  and  machinery. 

1856.  The  Syracuse  Standard  boasted  that  its  issue 
was  printed  on  paper  made  of  rags  imported  directly 
from  the  land  of  the  Pharaohs,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile.  These  were  said  to  have  been  stripped  from 
the  mummies. 

1856.  M.  Maurice  Diamont,  of  Bohemia,  laid 
before  the  minister  of  finance  a  project  relative  to  the 


1 50        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

manufacture  of  paper  from  maize,  or  Turkish  wheat, 
and  experiments  were  made  at  the  imperial  manu- 
factory, which  resulted  in  the  production  of  various 
kinds  of  writing  and  printing  paper,  but  at  consider- 
able additional  expense  over  rag  made  paper.  Another 
attempt  was  made  three  years  later,  with  better 
success  ;  but  the  result  was  still  unsatisfactory.  A 
manufactory  was  then  established  at  Temesvar  to 
obviate  the  expense  of  transportation  of  the  raw 
material  ;  but  the  experiments  were  unsuccessful. 
(See  1862.)- 

1856.  The  quantity  of  exports  reimported  into 
Great  Britain,  was  50  tons. 

1857.  Messrs.  Laflin  Brothers  disposed  of  their 
extensive  paper  mill  at  Herkimer,  New  York,  for 
$70,000,  to  the  Kent  Paper  company,  an  unsuccessful 
enterprise. 

1857.  It  was  announced  that  a  new  mode  of  prepar- 
ing straw  for  white  paper  had  been  discovered,  which 
was  expected  to  become  valuable. 

1857.  The  paper  mills  of  Russia,  181  in  number, 
gave  employment  to  11,730  persons,  and  produced 
paper  to  the  value  of  $3,250,000. 

1857.  Edward  B.  Bingham,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
made  an  improvement  in  the  cylinder  machine,  con- 
sisting in  the  employment  of  an  endless  apron,  placed 
at  each  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  close  to  it,  and  having 
a  traversing  motion  to  that  of  the  cylinder  ;  the  apron 
laying  the  pulp  like  a  cross-lap  on  a  web  of  cotton 
batting,  thereby  rendering  the  paper  made  by  such 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 5 1 

machine  much  stronger,  and  of  a  more  uniform  text- 
ure. 

1857.  Louis  Koch,  of  New  York  city,  patented 
an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  paste-board, 

1857.  J-  S.  Blake,  of  Claremont,  N.  H.,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  making  paper,  which 
was  designed  to  embrace  a  superior  method  of  trim- 
ming the  edges  of  the  paper  cut  from  the  pulp,  the 
proper  discharging  of  the  strips  cut  from  it,  and  the 
keeping  of  the  felt  apron  properly  distended,  to  prevent 
creasing  the  paper,  and  preventing  considerable  waste. 

1857.  J-  A-  R°tn>  °f  Philadelphia,  patented  the 
combined  application  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  woody 
fibres,  with  that  of  the  chlorine  bleaching  agents. 

1857.  Patrick  Clark,  of  Rahway,  N.  J<,  patented 
a  mode  of  cleaning  felts  and  cylinders  with  the  water 
that  has  been  separated  from  the  pulp,  thus  avoiding 
the  necessity  of  introducing  for  that  purpose  water 
from  any  other  source,  into  the  machine. 

1857.  F.  Sturgis,  of  Carlowville,  Ala.,  patented 
a  process  of  manufacturing  pulp  from  the  bark  of  the 
root  and  stalk  of  the  cotton  plant. 

1857.  Mons.  A.  C.  Mellier,  of  France,  patented 
a  mode  of  making  pulp,  by  boiling  in  a  solution  of 
caustic  soda  in  a  temperature  not  less  than  3100  Fahr., 
after  it  had  been  soaked  and  cleaned,  and  before  sub- 
mitting it  to  the  action  of  a  solution  of  chloride  of 
lime ,  and  the  use  of  a  rotary  vessel  separate  from  that 
containing  the  steam  heat. 

1857.  A  paper  mill  at  Nassau,  Rensselaer  county, 


152         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It  belonged  to  A.  P. 
Van  Alstyne,  and  was  uninsured.  Loss  estimated  at 
$12,000. 

1857.  H.  Collyer,  of  Camden,  N.  J.,  claimed 
the  exclusive  use  and  employment  for  making  paper 
and  paper  manufactures,  in  any  combination  or  pro- 
portion whatsoever  of  the  residue  prepared,  so  as  to 
retain  and  preserve  the  albumino-mucilaginous  sub- 
stance, or  in  any  other  manner  substantially  the  same 
as  of  beet-root,  mangel-wurtzel,  and  other  species  of 
the  genus  beta,  left  after  the  sugar-making  and  distill- 
ing processes  have  extracted  the  saccharine  matter. 

1857.  A  company  was  formed  with  a  capital  of 
$400,000,  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  in  Havana, 
Cuba.  The  enterprise  was  induced  by  the  great 
consumption  of  paper  in  that  island,  and  the  high 
price  it  commanded. 

1857.  The  paper  of  the  notes  of  the  Bank  of 
England  was  distinguished  by  its  color — a  peculiar 
white,  such  as  was  neither  sold  in  the  shops  nor  used 
for  any  other  purpose  \  by  its  thinness  and  trans- 
parency, qualities  which  prevented  any  of  the  printed 
part  of  the  note  from  being  washed  out  by  turpentine, 
or  removed  by  the  knife,  without  making  a  hole  in  the 
place  thus  practiced  on  ;  by  its  characteristic  feel,  a 
peculiar  crispness  and  toughness,  by  which  those  ac- 
customed to  handle  it  distinguished  the  true  notes 
instantly  ;  the  wire  or  water-mark,  which  was  pro- 
duced on  the  paper  when  in  the  state  of  pulp,  and 
which  was  easily  distinguished  from  a  mark  stamped 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 53 

on  after  the  paper  was  completed ;  the  deckle  edges  — 
the  mold  contained  two  notes  placed  lengthwise, 
which  were  separated  by  a  knife  at  a  future  state  of 
the  process  —  this  deckle  producing  the  peculiar 
effect  seen  on  the  edges  of  uncut  paper,  and  this 
edging  being  caused  when  the  paper  was  in  a  state  of 
pulp,  precluded  any  successful  imitation  after  the 
paper  was  made  ;  also  by  the  strength  of  the  paper, 
which  was  made  from  new  cotton  and  linen.  In  its 
waterleaf  or  unsized  condition,  a  bank  note  would 
sustain  36  pounds  \  and  when  one  grain  of  size  had 
been  diffused  through  it,  it  would  lift  100  pounds. 

1857.  L.  C.  Stuart  took  out  a  patent  in  England 
for  an  improvement  in  drying  sized  paper,  which  con- 
sisted in  passing  it  over  and  between  a  series  of  oblong 
cylinders,  placed  one  above  the  other,  and  having 
their  surfaces  perforated  with  small  holes,  through 
which  currents  of  graduated  heated  air  were  forced, 
which  escaped  and  came  in  contact  with  both  sides 
of  the  paper  after  leaving  the  sizing  vat.  The  series 
of  cylinders  and  the  paper  between  them  were  exposed 
to  the  open  air,  so  that  the  vapor  should  be  free  to 
escape,  and  not  run  with  the  paper  to  be  again  ab- 
sorbed by  them.  The  novelty  of  this  improvement 
consisted  solely  in  the  perforated  cylinders,  as  the  em- 
ployment of  steam-heated  rollers  for  the  same  purpose 
was  common  in  this  country. 

1857.  House  &  Co.,  paper  manufacturers  at  Had- 
dam  Neck,  C,  made  experiments  with  ivory  shavings, 
and  produced  a  quantity  of  paper  upon  which  a  part 


154         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


of  an  edition  of  the  Connecticut  Courant  was  printed. 
The  paper  was  said  to  be  inferior  to  rag  paper,  but  it 
was  thought  that  it  could  be  improved  upon.  The 
fact  was,  undoubtedly,  that  there  was  just  enough 
ivory  shavings  used  to  spoil  it,  as  has  been  the  case 
with  most  of  the  samples  produced  of  paper  made  of 
new  substances  in  part. 

1857.  William  N.  Clark,  of  Chester,  Conn.,  ob- 
tained a  patent  for  the  use  of  ivory  as  stock  to  make 
pulp  for  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

1857.  A  paper  mill  was  burnt  at  Brattleborougta 
Vt.,  early  in  September,  belonging  to  Esty. 

1857.  I*  appears  by  the  returns  of  the  paper  tax  in 
Great  Britain,  which  is  three  cents  a  pound,  that  the 
whole  amount  of  paper  manufactured  in  that  country 
during  this  year  was  191,  000,000  pounds. 

1857.  June  l9*  The  paper  mill  of  James  Howard 
&  Co.,  at  Manchester,  near  Pittsburgh,  was  burned 
with  all  its  contents.  It  was  the  work  of  an  incendiary. 
The  loss  was  $25,000,  and  the  insurance  $10,000. 

1857.  Samples  of  writing  paper,  said  to  be  of  very 
excellent  quality,  were  exhibited  at  an  industrial  exhi- 
bition in  Vienna,  manufactured  from  the  leaves  of 
Indian  corn.    (See  1828.) 

1857.  The  importation  of  rags  into  the  United 
States  was  44,582,080  pounds,  valued  at  $1,448,125. 
Of  35,591  bales  from  Italian  ports,  more  than  one- 
third  were  linen ;  the  rest  a  mixture  of  cotton  and  linen. 
About  2,000  bales  were  from  the  cities  of  Hamburg 
and  Bremen.    The  exportation  of  rags  from  France 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making,  155 

and  Rome  was  prohibited,  and  the  few  procured  from 
Ancona  were  obtained  by  special  permission  upon  the 
payment  of  large  fees.  The  trade  with  Prussia  and 
Germany  was  also  prohibited  by  the  high  export  duty. 
The  exports  from  Alexandria  and  Smyrna  were  chiefly 
collected  in  Asia  Minor  by  agents  having  license  from 
the  government,  and  could  only  be  shipped  after  the 
domestic  demand  was  supplied.  In  Trieste  also,  only 
the  surplus  was  allowed  to  come  away.  The  Trieste 
rags  were  collected  all  over  Hungary.  The  largest 
shipping  port  was  Leghorn.  New  York  and  Boston 
were  the  largest  receiving  ports. 

1857.  June»  All  the  old  books,  papers,  drafts, 
checks,  letters  which  had  been  preserved  in  the  United 
States  Bank,  in  the  long  course  of  its  immense  busi- 
ness, were  sold  at  Philadelphia  to  a  paper  maker,  to 
be  worked  over  into  blank  paper.  The  whole  mass 
weighed  over  forty  tons.  Ten  tons  of  it  consisted  of 
autograph  letters  of  the  first  statesmen,  politicans  and 
financiers  of  this  and  other  countries. 

1857.  E.  Gaine,  of  England,  invented  and 

patented  parchment  paper.  He  discovered  that  when 
paper  is  exposed  to  a  mixture  of  two  parts  of  concen- 
trated sulphuric  acid  and  one  part  of  water  for  no 
longer  time  than  is  required  to  draw  it  through  the 
fluid,  it  is  immediately  converted  into  a  strong,  skin- 
like material.  It  must  be  instantly  washed  with 
water.1 


1  It  has  been  found  that  common  unsized  paper,  if  immersed  in  a 
solution  of  sulphuric  acid  —  three  parts  of  water  to  one  of  acid  —  and 


156        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1857.  James  Brown  patented  in  England  a  mode 
of  treating  paper  and  paper  material  with  glycerine, 
for  printing  and  other  purposes. 

1858.  Feb.  24.  The  paper  mill  at  North  Benning- 
ton, Vt.,  was  burnt,  with  all  the  stock  and  machinery, 
involving  a  loss  of  $30,000,  of  which  only  $6,000  was 
insured.    It  was  owned  by  Houghton  &  Graves. 

1858,  Mr.  Barry,  manufacturer  of  a  substitute  for 
paper  from  animal  substances,  was  prosecuted  by  the 
crown,  in  England,  for  not  having  taken  out  a  paper 
maker's  license,  and  for  not  submitting  his  works  to 
the  usual  discipline  of  the  excise.  The  defendant 
contended  that  the  article  in  question,  being  manufac- 
tured from  hides,  was  parchment,  and  not  paper.  It 
so  much  resembled  parchment,  that  a  good  many 
acquainted  with  such  fabrics  could  not  discover  the 
difference.  The  court  decided  that  the  article  being 
in  the  nature  of  paper,  was  paper  within  the  meaning 

suffered  to  remain  there  three  minutes,  becomes,  when  taken  out  and 
well  washed  in  cold  water,  almost  exactly  like  parchment.  It  shrinks 
somewhat,  but  it  is  increased  fully  eight  fold  in  strength,  while  no 
change  in  its  weight  takes  place.  A  number  of  scientific  men  in  this 
city,  professional  and  amateur,  have  been  experimenting  on  it,  and  with 
the  most  astonishing  results.  It  has  been  brought  before  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  and  the  Franklin  Institute,  and  the  accomplished  gentle- 
men of  those  institutions  confess  that  they  are  wholly  unable  to  account 
for  the  change  that  is  produced  in  the  paper  by  this  very  simple  process. 
The  only  thing  known  is  that  the  change  takes  place,  and  that  the 
commonest  kind  of  paper  acquires  all  the  properties  of  parchment. 
There  must  be  care  taken  in  its  preparation,  and  the  paper,  before 
drying,  must  be  ironed,  or  calendered ;  but  nothing  else  is  necessary. — 
Philadelphia  Bulletin 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  157 

of  the  act,  and  the  jury  finding  for  the  crown,  the 
damages  were  put  at  <£ioo. 

1858.  Thomas  Bonsor  Crompton,  the  English 
paper  manufacturer,  died,  at  the  age  of  66,  leaving  a 
very  large  fortune.  Besides  the  Farnworth  Paper 
Mills,  he  became  the  proprietor  of  the  extensive 
manufactory  at  Worthington  ;  supplied  the  principal 
newspapers  and  merchants  of  London  with  paper  ; 
invented  the  continuous  drying  apparatus  now  in 
general  use ;  was  also  an  extensive  manufacturer  of 
cotton,  and  for  some  time  the  proprietor  of  the  Morn- 
ing Post,  and  other  newspapers.  Indefatigable  in 
business,  he  was  at  the  same  time  an  ardent  sports- 
man, public-spirited,  a  conservative  in  politics,  and 
noted  for  his  hospitality. —  Jppleton's  Cyclopedia. 

1858.  The  oldest  rag  picker  in  Paris,  died  at  the 
age  of  ninety-one.  This  old  man,  like  most  of  his 
profession,  was  once  rich,  and  his  money  being  squan- 
dered, he  fell  down  the  ladder  of  society,  rung  by 
rung,  until  he  reached  the  bottom.  He  was  well 
educated,  and  his  brethren  of  the  rag  tie,  looked  up 
to  him  with  respect.  The  rag  pickers  reserved  him  a 
number  of  streets  into  which  no  one  was  allowed  to 
venture  on  his  picking  excursions,  and  gave  him  a 
monthly  allowance  of  pocket  money  for  his  gin  and 
tobacco.  His  comrades  buried  him,  and  his  funeral 
was  largely  attended  by  rag  pickers. 

1858.  Stephen  Rossman,of  Stuyvesant,  New  York, 
invented  a  lifting-roll  to  prevent  the  breaking  or  tear- 
ing of  the  paper  as  it  passes  from  the  upper  of  the 
14 


158         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


second  press-rollers  to  the  dryer.  This  was  attained 
by  passing  the  web  of  paper  between  the  lifting-roll 
and  the  upper  press-roll.  The  slight  cohesion  of  the 
web  to  the  roll  eases  it  off,  and  prevents  it  breaking, 
and  if  a  slight  break  should  occur  in  the  web,  it  pre- 
vents the  edge  of  the  break  from  being  carried  under 
the  doctor,  and  thereby  increased.  It  was  claimed 
that  it  effected  a  great  increase  in  the  quantity  of 
paper  produced  in  a  given  time,  by  saving  nearly  all 
the  time  that  is  expended  when  breakages  of  the  web 
occur. —  Scientific  American. 

1858.  A  patent  was  reissued  to  Ladd  &  Keen,  as- 
signees of  Watt  &  Burgess,  of  England,  for  a  mode 
of  pulping  or  disintegrating  shavings  of  wood  and 
other  similar  vegetable  matter  for  making  paper. 

1858.  J.  &  R.  McMurray,  of  New  York,  patented 
an  invention,  the  object  of  which  was  to  obtain  a  very 
rigid  frame,  that  would  retain  its  form,  so  as  to  ensure 
a  perfect  cylindrical  wire-cloth  surface  —  designed  to 
be  used  in  paper  machines,  but  applicable  to  other 
purposes  also. 

1858.  S.  S.  Mills,  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  patented  a 
machine  for  separating  the  fibre  from  pulp  in  hemp 
leaves.  The  invention  consisted  in  the  use  of  a  shred- 
ding cylinder,  heckling  device,  and  scutching  cylinder, 
in  connection  with  reciprocating  clamps,  or  holders, 
arranged  so  that  the  separation  of  the  fibrous  portion 
of  the  leaves  of  hemp  from  the  soft,  pulpy  portion,  is 
readily  effected,  and  in  a  perfect  manner. 

1858.  Charles  Marzoni,  assignor  of  J.  Gandolfi, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  159 

patented  the  use  of  "  the  peculiar  stone  called  ada- 
mantine," as  a  means  of  tearing  the  woody  fibre  into 
a  state  suitable  for  pulp. 

1858.  March  3.  The  paper  mill  of  S.  A.  Parks  & 
Co.,  at  Ballston,  was  destroyed  by  fire  at  night. 

1858.  March  18.  The  paper  mill  of  the  Westville 
Manufacturing  Company  in  North  Amherst,  Mass., 
was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  building  and  machinery 
were  insured  for  $4,000. 

1858.  The  Housatonic  paper  mill  of  Platner  & 
Smith,  at  Lee,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  Loss  estimated  at 
$150,000,  on  which  there  was  an  insurance  of  nearly 
$30,000.  It  was  one  of  the  most  costly  mills  in  New 
England,  the  proprietors  having  procured  the  most 
perfect  machinery  that  could  be  obtained. 

1858.  May  4.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs.  Hanna 
&  Sons,  at  Steubenville,  Ohio,  was  burned.  Loss 
estimated  at  $50,000  ;  insured  for  $9,000. 

1858.  May  24.  The  paper  mill  of  Croswell  & 
Son,  near  the  village  of  New  Baltimore,  Greene 
county,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  together  with 
$1,000  worth  of  paper.    The  loss  was  about  $1 5,000. 

1858.  At  a  meeting  in  Leipsic  of  the  Booksellers 
and  Publishers  Union,  it  was  unanimously  determined 
to  erect  at  their  own  cost,  a  paper  mill,  in  consequence 
of  the  extortionate  prices  demanded  by  manufacturers, 
and  the  combination  among  them  to  keep  it  at  the 
great  price  to  which  they  had  raised  it. 

1858.  Sept.  14.  A  paper  mill  at  Chatham  Four 
Corners  with  the  dwelling  house  and  outhouses  be- 


160         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


longing  to  it  were  burnt,  and  an  old  man  named  Levy 
Garvey  was  with  difficulty  rescued  from  the  flames. 
The  mill  belonged  to  Mr.  Isaacson. 

1858.  Henry  Lowe  stated  that  previous  to  his  in- 
vention it  had  been  found  impossible,  practically,  to 
manufacture  paper  from  reeds  ;  he  now  obtained  a 
patent  for  a  mode  of  producing  reed  fibre  from  arundi- 
naria  macro-sperma  of  Michaux,  and  its  employment 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper. 

1858.  Henry  Lowe,  of  Baltimore,  patented  a  mode 
of  making  paper  from  reeds,  by  first  disintegrating  the 
reeds  by  boiling  in  a  solution  of  caustic  soda,  accom- 
panied by  agitation,  and  then  reducing  them  directly 
to  pulp  without  reducing  to  half  stuff  by  the  machine 
technically  called  the  old  rag  engine. 

1858.  Sept.  20.  David  Carson,  an  eminent  paper 
maker,  died  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  aged  75.  He  esta- 
blished himself  in  business 
at  Dalton  in  181 1,  and 
during  a  period  of  thirty- 
one  years  obtained  a  wide- 
spread reputation  as  a 
manufacturer.  He  had 
retired  with  a  competency 
in  1842. 

1858.  Aug.  12.  The 
paper-mill  on  Bath  island,  near  Niagara  Falls,  was 
entirely  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss  about  $100,000. 
The  New  York  Tribune  was  supplied  by  this  mill. 

1858    An  effort  was  made  to  introduce  the  residue 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 6 1 

of  beet  root  from  the  sugar  manufactories  of  Europe 
for  paper  stock,  Dr.  Collyer  having  patented  a  mode 
of  producing  paper  from  that  material. 

1858.  Martin  Nixon,  of  Philadelphia,  patented  an 
improvement  in  the  preparation  of  straw  for  pulp, 
which  consisted  in  applying  the  steam  whereby  the 
solution  was  automatically  and  continuously  delivered 
on  top  of  the  straw  ;  and  the  process  of  boiling  the 
whole  straw  by  the  combined  action  of  an  upward 
current  of  steam,  and  a  downward  current  of  alkaline 
solution,  permeating  the  mass,  and  acting  upon  it  in 
conjunction. 

1858.  Nov.  24.  The  storehouse  connected  with 
the  extensive  paper  mill  of  Tileston  &  Hollingsworth, 
Milton,  Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss  $20,000 ; 
insured  $10,000. 

1858.  A  water-proof  packing  paper  was  brought 
into  use  in  England,  consisting  of  common  paper 
covered  with  a  very  thin  coat  of  gutta  percha,  dis- 
solved in  turpentine  and  put  on  the  paper  in  a  liquid 
form  with  rollers. 

1858.  D.  Lichtenstadt  obtained  a  patent  in  England 
for  making  pulp  for  paper  and  other  fabrics  from 
leather  or  any  kind  of  animal  fibrine,  whether  in 
large  or  small  pieces,  shavings  or  shreds,  either  tanned 
or  untanned.  The  fibrine  was  first  cleaned  by  being 
mixed  for  about  two  hours  in  a  composition  of  water, 
caustic  lime,  and  potash  ;  then  washed  in  cold  water, 
and  mixed  with  gypsum,  or  alumina,  when  it  was 
ready  for  the  pulping  engine.    When  in  the  tanned 


l62 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


state,  it  was  treated  with  caustic  lime  or  limy  matter 
mixed  with  sal  ammoniac,  ammonia,  or  ammoniacal 
compounds,  to  extract  the  tannin,  and  afterwards 
washed  successively  in  an  acid  liquid  and  water  to 
remove  the  caustic  liquor,  when  it  was  pressed  and 
converted  into  pulp  in  the  usual  way. 

1858.  Thomas  Lindsay,  of  Westville,  and  William 
Geddes,  of  Seymour,  Conn.,  invented  a  mode  of  vary- 
ing the  width  of  paper  while  the  machine  was  in 
operation.  The  invention  consisted  in  having  the  lip 
or  basin  which  conducts  the  pulp  from  the  endless  wire- 
apron  constructed  in  two  parts,  so  that  one  part  may 
slide  over  the  other,  and  having  the  parts  connected 
with  the  deckles,  which,  as  well  as  the  deckle-straps, 
were  by  a  novel  mechanism  rendered  susceptible  of 
lateral  adjustment. 

1858.  Isaac  N.  Crehore  and  Francis  Stiles  patented 
an  improved  lead  plate,  composed  of  sheet-metal  knives, 
corrugated,  or  formed  with  a  series  of  angles,  or  curved 
lines,  through  their  entire  length,  for  a  rag  engine ;  the 
lead  plate  in  use  being  objectionable  from  its  liability 
to  breakage,  and  the  difficulty  of  repairing  it  when 
once  injured  or  broken  at  any  point. 
.  1858.  Oct.  3.  The  extensive  paper  mill  of 
Thomas  Rice,  Jr.,  at  Newton  Lower  Falls,  Mass., 
was  totally  destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss  nearly  $15,000, 
insured. 

1858.  June  30.  There  was  a  decrease  of  six  million 
pounds  in  the  quantity  of  paper  charged  with  duty  in 
Great  Britain  in  the  half  year  ending  with  this  date, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 63 

against  1857,  the  relative  quantities  being  99,483,635 
pounds,  and  93,462,130  pounds. 

1859.  PaPer  was  so  scarce  in  Madrid  that  several 
printing  offices  were  forced  to  suspend  business,  and 
the  journals  pressed  the  government  to  allow  foreign 
paper  to  be  imported  free,  or  at  a  greatly  reduced  duty. 

1859.  Jonn  Meyerhofer,  of  the  city  of  New  York, 
claimed  an  improvement  in  making  paper  impervious 
to  water,  mixing  the  alkaline  solution  of  rosin  with 
the  pulp,  and  then  adding  what  is  known  as  English 
sulphuric  acid  ;  and  after  the  sheets  have  been  formed, 
drying  them  in  contact  with  heated  metallic  surfaces. 

1859.  Morris  L.  Keen,  of  Rogers  Ford,  Pa.,  claimed 
an  improvement  in  boilers  for  making  pulp  from  wood ; 
for  boiling,  underpressure,  wood  and  ligneous  materials 
for  making  paper  pulp,  constructed  with  an  expansion 
chamber,  stirrers  and  discharge  valve. 

1859.  Martin  Nixon,  of  Philadelphia,  patented  an 
improvement  in  boilers  for  treating  paper  stock  :  the 
boiler  constructed  to  boil  stock  under  a  heavy  pressure, 
by  the  combined  action  of  an  upward  current  of  steam, 
and  a  downward  current  of  hot  alkaline  solution,  and 
admitting  of  the  ready  inversion  of  the  boiler  for  the 
discharge  of  its  contents  when  cooled. 

1859.  falser  &  Howland,  of  Fort  Edward,  claimed 
an  improvement  by  boiling  straw  or  other  stock  for 
about  four  hours  under  a  pressure  of  from  110  to  130 
pounds,  in  a  solution  of  caustic  alkali,  of  a  strength 
indicating  from  3J0  to  3! 0  R. 

1859.  Palser  &  Howland  patented  improvements 
in  apparatus  for  the  manufacture  of  pulp. 


164        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1859.  The  quantity  of  paper  charged  with  duties 
of  excise  in  the  British  kingdom,  was  217,827,197 
pounds,  the  exports  were  20,142,350  pounds. 

1859.  Crocker  &  Marshall,  of  Lawrence,  Massa- 
chusetts, patented  a  combination  of  internally-heated 
drying  cylinders,  with  a  steam-box  for  the  purpose  of 
continuously  first  thoroughly  drying  paper,  and  then 
superficially  moistening  it,  by  the  direct  application  of 
steam  prior  to  the  operation  of  calendering ;  second, 
the  combination  of  steam-boxes  so  arranged  as  to 
moisten  paper  superficially  by  the  steam  therein  con- 
tained, with  rolls  which  calender  by  pressure. 

1860.  F.  De  Compoloro,  of  France,  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  pulp, 
claiming  the  employment  of  the  cobs  of  Indian  corn, 
either  alone  or  with  the  husks. 

i860.  The  number  of  mills  in  the  United  States 
had  increased  to  555,  according  to  the  census,  em- 
ploying a  capital  of  $14,000,000,  and  having  a  total 
annual  product  of  $21,000,000  —  giving  employment 
to  1 1,000  persons. —  Paper  Trade  Journal.  It  also 
appeared  by  the  census  that  the  United  States  pro- 
duced annually  more  paper  than  either  Great  Britain 
or  France,  and  the  annual  consumption  was  computed 
to  exceed  that  of  both  those  countries  together. 

i860.  Jordan  &  Keney  (in  connection  with  Grant, 
Warren  &  Co.),  claimed  a  reissue  for  an  improvement 
in  machines  for  grinding  and  sizing  paper-pulp  —  con- 
structed of  a  simple  conical  grinder  and  outer  shell, 
and  with  pipes  for  the  introduction  of  the  rags  and 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  165 

size,  and  the  eduction  of  both,  arranged  with  reference 
to  the  axis  and  ends  of  the  grinder,  so  as  to  enable  it 
to  reduce  the  rags  to  pulp  and  mix  the  sizing  therewith. 

1 860.  The  patent  of  Messrs.  Kendall  expired,  which 
had  been  taken  out  in  1846,  for  bleaching  paper  pulp. 

i860.  Xavier  Karcheski,  of  New  York  city, 
patented  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  vege- 
table parchment ;  claiming  the  application  to  certain 
parts  of  the  paper,  of  starch  or  some  other  gelatinous 
substance,  either  plain  or  colored,  for  the  purpose  of 
producing  a  vegetable  parchment,  equal,  or  nearly  so, 
in  strength,  to  the  animal  parchment,  and  of  a  uniform 
transparency,  with  indellible  water-marks,  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  could  be  used  with  particular  advantage 
for  bank  bills  and  other  paper  of  the  same  character. 

i860.  The  paper  manufactured  in  Massachusetts 
amounted  to  nearly  six  millions  of  dollars,  which  was 
over  58  per  cent  of  the  product  of  the  whole  Union 
ten  years  earlier. 

i860.  The  Messrs.  Smart,  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  claimed 
an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  straw  paper, 
which  consisted  in  treating  the  fibre  for  making  white 
paper  by  the  successive  operations  of  boiling,  washing, 
and  separating,  or  beating,  and  then  applying  the 
chemicals  used  for  bleaching  to  the  pulp. 

i860.  Thomas  G.  Chase  claimed  to  have  made 
further  improvements  in  rendering  paper  incorrodible, 
by  the  interposition  of  a  mixed  powder  of  calcined 
feldspar,  sulphate  of  lime,  with  the  metallic  oxide  of 
magnesium,  calcium,  and  iron,  between  the  block  of 


i66 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


caustic  alkali  coated  with  paraffine  and  rosin  and  the 
paraffine  wrapper.  He  also  claimed  the  composition 
of  paraffine  and  rosin  for  the  purposes  described. 

i860.  Howland  &  Palser,  of  Fort  Edward,  N.  Y., 
patented  an  improvement  in  the  preparation  of  straw 
for  paper  pulp.  Their  staple  fibre,  as  they  termed  it, 
was  made  from  common  rye  or  wheat  straw,  or  other 
stalks.  In  preparing  it,  the  substance  was  first  cut 
into  short  lengths  by  machinery,  and  winnowed  to 
remove  impurities,  then  crushed  and  abraded  by  being 
passed  between  iron  rollers,  after  which  it  went  through 
a  process  of  steaming,  boiling,  etc. 

i860.  Messrs.  Howland  &  Palser  claimed  a  reissue 
for  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  pulp, 
in  the  destruction  or  carbonization  of  the  gummy, 
resinous,  and  other  matters  from  which  the  fibre  is  to 
be  set  free,  without  injury  to  the  fibre  itself. 

i860.  Edward  L.  Perkins  claimed  a  reissue  for  an 
improvement  in  machines  for  drying  paper  and  other 
fabrics,  consisting  of  the  combination  of  a  drying 
chamber  with  inlet  and  outlet  passages  for  insuring  a 
circulation  through  it,  an  apparatus  for  heating  the 
same,  and  suitable  carrying-rolls  for  suspending  the 
fabric  vertically  in  the  drying-chamber,  and  for  carry- 
ing it  into  and  through  the  same. 

i860.  This  year  was  unusually  disastrous  to  paper 
mills,  by  fire  and  explosions.  The  paper  mill  of  Sam- 
uel Hanna,  in  West  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  was  partially 
destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss  about  $ 2,000.  The  paper  mill 
of  Wm.  Clark  &  Co.,  at  Northampton,  Mass.,  was 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.   1 67 


destroyed  by  fire  ;  loss  upwards  of  $40,000  ;  insured 
$41,000.  The  paper  mill  of  Goss  &  Russel  at  Dover 
mills,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  The  Greenleaf  &  Taylor 
paper  mill  was  burnt  at  Springfield,  Mass.  ;  loss 
$25,000,  insured  $18,000.    A  paper  mill  at  Ashland, 

owned  by  Morse,  was  destroyed  by  fire ;  there 

was  an  insurance  of  $8,000  on  the  building  and  stock. 
The  paper  mill  at  Saccarappa,  owned  by  Josiah  F.  Day, 
of  Portland,  was  burnt :  the  building  was  about  100 
feet  long  and  four  stories  high  :  loss  estimated  at 
$25,000  ;  insured  for  $19,700.  A  steam  boiler  in  the 
paper  mill  of  Platner  &  Smith,  at  Lee,  Mass.,  was 
destroyed  by  explosion.  A  workman  was  dangerously 
injured  ;  the  damage  to  property  was  about  $600. 

i860.  Ephraim  and  John  R.  Cushman  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of 
leather-paper  stock  ;  which  consisted  in  heating  the 
stock  while  it  was  in  the  beating  engine,  and  removing 
the  impurities  as  they  arose. 

i860.  The  rapid  increase  in  the  consumption  of 
paper,  especially  of  all  kinds  of  book  and  news  paper, 
during  the  period  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  was  with- 
out a  parallel  \  yet  it  was  almost  wholly  supplied  by 
American  manufacturers.  The  long  established  policy 
of  the  government,  combining  revenue  with  the  en- 
couragement of  home  industry,  had  drawn  a  very  large 
capital  into  this  branch  of  business,  and  the  production 
of  paper  fully  kept  pace  with  the  demand.  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  capital  and  labor  were  so  much 
cheaper  in  Europe  than  here,  prices  of  paper  ruled  so 


1 68         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


low  in  this  country,  that  under  a  revenue  duty  of 
twenty-four  per  cent  —  the  rate  for  many  years  prior 
to  this  time* — the  quantity  imported  was  never  very 
large,  and  was  pretty  much  confined  to  French  writing 
papers.  Competition  reduced  the  profits  below  the 
average  of  other  branches  of  manufacture  ;  the  market 
also  became  overstocked,  and  prices  at  this  time  were 
reduced  beyond  precedent,  resulting  in  an  actual  loss, 
and  many  mills  were  compelled  to  close  business. 

i860.  About  sixty-five  per  cent  of  the  whole 
amount  of  paper  stock  was  derived  from  domestic  rags 
of  cotton  fabric,  and  twelve  per  cent  from  cotton 
waste,  and  rope  and  bagging  used  in  baling  cotton. 

i860.  Ebenezer  Clemo,  of  Toronto,  Canada, 
patented  a  mode  of  using  nitric  acid,  the  aqua  fortis  of 
commerce,  in  the  conversion  of  straw  and  grasses  into 
pulp  \  and  for  a  subsequent  treatment  with  a  solution 
of  hydrate  or  carbonate  of  an  alkali,  for  the  purpose  of 
reducing  the  stock  to  a  fine  fibrous  pulp,  without  sub- 
jecting it  to  the  beating  or  other  mechanical  operation. 

i860.  The  census  returns  reported  the  consumption 
of  five  million  dollars  worth  of  paper,  ink,  &c,  per 
annum,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  producing  over 
eleven  million  dollars  worth  of  books,  newspapers, 
&c,  employing  more  capital  than  any  other  business. 

i860.  Another  plant,  suitable  for  the  manufacture 
of  paper,  was  declared  of  easy  growth  in  Algeria  — 
the  hibiscus  esculentus,  resembling  the  flax  plant,  also 
admirably  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  coarse  linen, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  169 

being  far  stronger  than  cotton.  Its  culture  was  highly 
recommended  in  the  African  colonies,  to  replace  the 
deficiency  of  rags,  so  severely  felt. 

i860.  A  new  kind  of  paper  for  making  cigarettes 
was  discovered,  and  a  manufactory  established  in  Al- 
giers for  working  this  new  invention.  The  paper  in 
question  was  made  from  the  refuse  stalks  and  portions 
of  the  leaves  which  had  been  hitherto  thrown  away 
or  burnt  as  useless.  It  was  calculated  that  the  value 
of  the  rags  from  which  the  paper  for  the  cigarettes 
had  been  usually  made,  amounted  annually  to  from 
9,000,000  to  10,000,000  francs. 

i860.  It  was  reported  that  England  at  this  time 
required  upwards  of  120,000  tons  of  rags  yearly,  a 
large  proportion  of  which  were  derived  from  foreign 
sources. 

i860.  In  all  the  countries  of  Western  Europe,  in- 
cluding Holland,  Belgium,  France,  Spain  and  Portu- 
gal, the  export  of  rags  and  other  paper- making  ma- 
terial was  prohibited,  and  an  artificial  cheapness  thus 
produced  ;  so  that  rags  which  were  3d.  per  pound  in 
England,  cost  but  \\d.  in  France. 

i860.  Joseph  Storm, of  Woonsocket,  R.  L,  patent- 
ed an  improvement  in  paper-rag  engines,  or  rag- 
pickers, of  which  an  engraving  is  given  in  the  Scientific 
American  of  March  17,  i860. 

i860.  A  step  towards  the  final  cessation  of  paper 
duties  in  England  was  made  by  the  house  of  com- 
mons, in  the  import  duties  of  paper,  as  follows  : 


170        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


Mill-Boards, 

per  cwt.,  £j 

OLD. 

3  4 

£0 

NEW. 

16  0 

Pasteboard, 

do          -  1 

3  4 

0 

15  0 

Brown  paper, 

do       -    -  I 

3  4 

0 

16  0 

Paper  hangings 

,      do  1 

8  0 

0 

14  0 

Fancy  papers, 

do       -    -  1 

3  4 

0 

16  0 

Waste  paper, 

do          -  1 

3  4 

0 

16  0 

The  duty  w 

hich  was  established 

in  the 

reij 

gn  of 

Queen  Anne,  the  house  of  commons,  by  a  majority 
of  fifty-three,  resolved  to  repeal. 

i860.  Stephen  M.  Allen,  of  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y., 
claimed  a  new  mode  of  treating  fibrous  materials, 
such  as  flax,  hemp,  jute,  manilla,  grass,  sugar-cane, 
&c,  in  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of  air  charged 
with  moisture  of  vapor. 

i860.  May.  The  machinery  for  the  first  paper 
mill  in  Minnesota,  arrived  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
where  it  was  proposed  to  erect  a  manufactory.  The 
consumption  of  paper  in  St.  Paul  was  estimated  at 
over  fifty  tons  a  year. 

i860.  There  was  exhibited  in  England  a  sheet  of 
tissue  paper  which  measured  four  miles  (21,000  feet) 
in  length,  and  six  feet  and  three  inches  in  breadth, 
the  weight  of  which  was  but  196  pounds.  It  was 
manufactured  in  12  hours. 

i860.  The  quantity  of  paper  supplied  to  the  station- 
ery office  in  London  during  the  year  ending  March 
31,  was  3,601,119  pounds.  The  comptroller  calcu- 
lated that  there  was  a  saving  to  government,  by  the 
repeal  of  the  paper  duty,  of  £12,000.    The  sales  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  171 

waste  paper  during  the  same  period,  amounted  to 
£6,269,  which  was  £1,000  more  than  any  previous 
year. —  Bookseller,  May  26,  i860,  p.  282. 

i860.  Although  the  trade  in  paper  collars  was  yet 
in  its  infancy,  there  was  manufactured  in  Boston 
alone,  600,000.    (See  1870.) 

i860.  C.  S.  Buchanan,  of  Ballston  Spa,  patented 
an  improvement  in  boilers  for  preparing  paper  stuff: 

1.  The  combination  with  a  rotary  boiler,  or  vessel, 
of  a  cylindrical  strainer  arranged  within  the  boiler. 

2.  In  rotary  boilers,  provided  with  cylindrical  and  con- 
centric strainers,  he  claimed  the  construction  and  ar- 
rangement of  ribs  in  the  form  of  gutters.  3.  He 
claimed  providing  the  hollow  journals  of  boilers  con- 
structed to  operate  as  described,  by  rotation  with  a 
tubular  plug  capable  of  being  shifted  on  its  axis,  such 
plug  having  one  or  more  openings  at  the  inner  end  so 
arranged  as  to  allow  of  their  coinciding  with  the 
channels  or  ways  on  the  boiler  heads,  for  the  dis- 
charge from  the  boiler  of  liquid  or  steam,  or  both. 

i860.  J.  L.  Jullion,  of  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  ob- 
tained a  patent  in  this  country  for  an  inprovement  in 
the  preparation  of  paper.  He  used  compounds,  pre- 
pared by  precipitation,  from  watery  or  other  solution 
of  earths  and  acids,  to  consolidate  and  harden  paper. 
2.  The  use  of  chloride  or  oxy-chloride  of  zinc  with 
glutinous  matter  as  a  size  for  paper.  3.  The  use  of 
any  of  the  before-mentioned  prepared  inorganic  bodies, 
mixed  with  the  sizing  agent,  to  facilitate  the  absorption 
of  writing  and  printing  ink. 


# 

172         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1 86 1.  July  20.  The  paper  mill  of  Hunter  and 
Patton,  at  North  Bennington,  Vt.,  was  wholly  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  Loss  $20,000;  insured  $18,000. 
The  mill  had  been  closed  three  weeks,  and  the  fire 
was  attributed  to  spontaneous  combustion. 

1861.  James  Piercy,  of  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  patented 
an  improvement  in  washers  for  pulp. 

1 86 1.  J.  E.  Malloy,  of  New  York  city,  patented  an 
improvement  in  the  preparation  of  fibre,  claiming  a  pro- 
cess of  separating  fibre  from  fibre-yielding  plants, 
consisting  of  the  separate  and  successive  steps  of 
combining,  rubbing  and  washing  the  plants  in  cold 
water  ;  the  whole  forming  one  continuous  operation 
performed  while  the  fibre  is  fresh  and  the  plant  un- 
desiccated. 

1 86 1.  J.  H.  Patterson,  of  Schaghticoke,  patented 
an  improvement  for  drying  pasteboards,  designed  to 
facilitate  the  curing  or  drying  wet  paper  or  pasteboard 
sheets,  by  placing  them  in  frames. 

1861.  Feb.  13.  At  a  meeting  of  paper  manufacturers 
at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  to  consult  upon  the  depressed 
condition  of  the  trade,  twenty-one  of  the  thirty-six 
fine  writing  paper  mills  of  the  country,  and  three- 
fourths  of  the  capital  invested  (some  $4,000,000), 
were  represented.  It  appeared  that  the  production  of 
fine  paper  had  been  doubled  within  the  previous  ten 
years.  An  association  was  formed  for  the  purpose 
of  securing  the  members  from  the  recurrence  of  a 
similar  glut  in  the  market,  and  it  was  decided,  that 
for  three  months  from  the  first  of  March,  the  pro- 
duction should  be  reduced  one-third. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  173 

1 86 1.  It  was  estimated  that  60,000  tons  of  kaoline 
were  used  in  the  manufacture  of  paper  in  Europe. 

1 86 1.  Barne  and  Blandel,  of  Nantes,  France,  in 
the  progress  of  experiments  with  wood  fibre,  patented 
a  process  based  upon  the  action  of  nitric  acid,  which 
was  made  to  act  upon  the  moistened  wood  with  ap- 
plication of  heat,  the  resulting  destruction  of  incrust- 
ing  matters  rendering  the  fibre  soft  and  pliant. 

1 86 1.  Joseph  Jordan,  Jr.,  of  East  Hartford,  Conn., 
obtained  a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  mills  for 
grinding  pulps  by  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  the  knives. 

1861.  Experiments  having  been  made  with  success 
at  Baltimore,  for  converting  the  cane  of  the  southern 
swamps  into  paper  stock,  mills  were  erected  at  Wil- 
mington, N.  C,  for  preparing  the  fibre  upon  a  large 
scale  for  supplying  paper  mills. 

1 86 1 .  Gelston  Sanford,  of  New  York  city,  patented 
an  improvement  in  mills  for  grinding  pulp.  He  con- 
structed the  side  of  conical-shaped  staves,  with  rough- 
ened surfaces,  set  alternately  in  reverse  position,  so 
that  the  space  between  them  can  be  adjusted  as  set 
forth,  in  combination  with  the  serrated  rubbers. 

1 86 1.  Henry  Lowe,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  obtained  a 
patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  process  of  recovering 
soda  used  in  the  manufacture  of  stock.  He  reclaimed 
the  soda  from  the  spent  solution  of  caustic  soda  after 
its  action  upon  reeds,  straw,  or  other  fibrous  material, 
by  charging  the  solution  with  carbonic  acid  gas,  in 
a  suitable  vessel,  so  that  the  organic  matter  will  be 
precipitated. 

15 


174         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 86 1.  Oct.  i.  The  excise  and  import  duty  upon 
paper  in  England  was  abolished,  (See  London  Pub- 
lishers' Circular,  October,  1861.) 

1 86 1.  Harlow  Kilmer,  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
manilla  paper  manufacturing  company,  at  Rock  City, 
Saratoga  county,  slipped  from  the  wheel  and  was 
caught  in  the  cog  gearing  of  the  machinery,  and  his 
body  cut  entirely  in  two.     He  was  50  years  of  age. 

1 86 1.  The  state  of  Georgia  having  seceded  from 
the  United  States,  the  Macon  Telegraph,  which  had 
been  printed  upon  paper  manufactured  in  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina  during  the  previous  three  years,  was 
now  printed  on  paper  imported  from  Belgium. 

1861.  May  29.  A  paper  mill  at  Lee,  Mass., 
owned  by  Prentice  C.  Baird,  was  burnt  with  all  its 
contents.    There  was  an  insurance  of  $14,000  on  it. 

1 86 1.  June  11.  The  straw  paper  mill  of  G.  Chit- 
tenden &  Son,  at  Stockport,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y., 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  together  with  500  reams  of 
paper  and  300  tons  of  straw.  Loss  estimated  at 
$15,000,  of  which  $4,000  was  insured. 

1 86 1.  There  were  15  paper  mills  in  the  seceded 
states,  which  produced  75,000  pounds  of  paper  daily, 
while  the  consumption  was  over  150,000  pounds,  and 
the  entire  suspension  of  newspapers  was  apprehended. 

1861.  T.  H.  Dodge,  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
patented  an  improvement  in  letter  paper,  which  con- 
sisted in  tinting  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  the  blank 
side,  and  combining  with  it  the  official  embossed 
postage  stamps. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  175 

1 86 1.  A.  Randel,  of  New  York  city,  patented  an 
improvement  in  preparing  stock,  by  a  combination  of 
differentially  moving  crushing  rollers  with  the  shred- 
ing  cylinder  and  spiked  concave. 

1 86 1.  Straw  paper,  which  was  first  made  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1854,  of  a  poor  quality,  was  now  so  much 
improved  as  to  be  used  by  one  of  the  daily  papers. 
There  were  two  or  more  manufacturers  in  New  York 
state,  and  one  in  Cincinnati. 

1 86 1.  Benjamin  Lambert,  of  England,  patented  an 
improvement  in  the  treatment  of  printed  paper  to 
remove  ink  and  recover  the  pulp,  to  render  it  fit  to  be 
remade  into  paper. 

1 86 1.  Moritz  Diamant,  an  Austrian,  invented  a 
mode  of  preparing  pulp  from  corn  leaves,  which  was 
accounted  a  great  discovery,  and  was  stated  to  have 
been  cc  an  industrial  fact  confirmed  by  success,"  cal- 
culated considerably  to  influence  the  price  of  paper. 
This  discovery  was  not  a  new  one  ;  in  the  eighteenth 
century  the  manufacture  had  been  in  operation  in  Italy 
with  remarkable  success  ;  but,  strange  to  say,  the 
secret  was  kept  by  the  inventor,  and  was  lost  at  his 
death.  Many  attempts  since  made  to  revive  the 
manufacture,  recoiled  before  the  difficulty  of  remov- 
ing the  silica  and  resinous  matter  contained  in  the 
leaves,  and  which  obstructs  the  conversion  of  pulp  into 
sheets.  It  was  claimed  that  Diamant,  a  Jewish  writing 
master,  had  rediscovered  the  process,  and  it  was  applied 
on  a  large  scale  at  the  imperial  manufactory  of  Schlo- 
gelmuhle,  with  such  success  that  the  paper  obtained 


176         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


left  nothing  to  be  desired  in  strength,  homogeneity, 
polish,  and  whiteness ;  in  short,  that  in  several  re- 
spects the  paper  was  superior  to  that  made  from  rags  ! 
(See  Scientific  American,  vol.  v,  1861,  p.  203.) 

1862.  All  the  paper  mills  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  sus- 
pended operations  because  they  could  not  get  cash  for 
the  manufactured  article,  and  had  been  heavy  losers 
by  the  failure  of  consignees  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
The  number  of  mills  in  Trenton  was  four. 

1862.  Jan.  16.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs.  Bestow 
(?)  &  Fairchild,  at  Williamsville,  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  at  a  loss  of  $20,000,  partially  covered  by  insur- 
ance.—  Buffalo  Express. 

1862.  A.  S.  Lyman,  of  New  York  city,  patented 
an  improved  process  of  separating  the  fibres  of  wood 
and  other  substances  for  the  manufacture  of  pulp,  by 
subjecting  them  in  a  close  vessel  to  the  combined 
simultaneous  action  of  a  whipping,  beating,  rubbing, 
grinding  or  picking  apparatus,  and  of  water  at  a  high 
temperature  and  pressure. 

1862.  The  paper  makers  held  a  meeting  at  the 
Astor  House  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  the  autumn 
of  this  year,  and  resolved  to  increase  the  prices  of 
printing  paper.  The  result  was  that  paper  which  had 
usually  been  sold  for  nine  cents  a  pound  was  gradually 
increased  to  twenty-two,  of  the  ordinary  news  quality, 
notwithstanding  a  vast  quantity  of  old  paper  was  pro- 
cured from  all  quarters  for  stock. 

1862.  The  catalogue  of  the  Austrian  department 
of  the  London  International  Exhibition,  drawn  up  in 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  177 

three  languages,  was  printed  partly  on  paper  made 
from  the  stalks  and  husks  alone  of  maize,  or  Turkish 
wheat,  and  partly  from  a  mixture  of  maize  with  linen 
and  cotton  rags. 

1862.  Feb.  15.  The  paper  mill  of  Charles  Van 
Benthuysen  at  Cohoes  was  burnt.  He  stated  his  loss 
at  §15,000.  It  had  been  constructed  in  the  best  man- 
ner, three  stories  high,  and  was  just  ready  to  com- 
mence operations. 

1862.  April  21.  The  paper  mill  of  E.  P.  Russell, 
at  Manlius,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt. 

1862.  James  Harper,  of  East  Haven,  Conn.,  pat- 
ented an  improvement  in  machinery  for  making  paper. 
He  combined,  with  the  Fourdrinier  wire-cloth  apron, 
the  couching  belt,  so  arranged  as  to  couch  the  paper 
from  the  wire-cloth  by  direct  contact  of  the  perforated 
cylinder,  when  those  parts  are  so  arranged  that  the 
cylinders  support  the  wire-cloth  and  the  couching-belt, 
respectively,  directly  opposite  their  points  of  contact 
with  each  other,  and  the  combination  with  each  other, 
when  arranged,  of  the  Fourdrinier  wire-cloth,  couch- 
ing-belt, and  beater. 

1862.  An  association  was  formed  among  the  manu- 
facturers of  fine  writing  paper  in  the  early  part  of  this 
year,  who  met  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  and  raised  the 
price  of  writing  paper  from  thirteen  and  fourteen  cents 
a  pound  to  seventeen  cents  for  flat  cap,  and  from  fif- 
teen to  twenty-five  cents  for  letter  and  note  paper. 

1862.  William  McFarlane,  of  Glasgow,  called  at- 
tention to  the  value  of  the  trash  of  the  sugar  cane  as 


178         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


a  material  of  paper,  assuming  that  for  every  2,200 
tons  of  it,  2,000  tons  of  finished  pulp  might  be  ob- 
tained. The  cost  in  London  was  estimated  thus  : 
fuel,  £1,000  ;  wages  of  a  skillful  workman  one  year, 
£200  ;  capital  invested  (£300),  at  ten  per  cent,  £30  ; 
loss  by  wear  and  tear,  £30  ;  freights  from  Jamaica  to 
London,  £7,000  ;  and  profits  on  the  whole  trans- 
action, £10  !  the  price  of  2,000  tons  of  pulp,  £14,000 
in  London,  being  £7  per  ton,  or  less  than  one-half 
the  price  of  rags. 

1862.  Henry  Hayward,  of  Chicago,  patented  an 
improvement  in  safety  paper  ;  claiming  the  described 
means  of  designating  varieties  in  the  value  or  character 
of  printed  sheets  of  paper,  in  which  threads  of  fibrous 
material  are  incorporated  into  and  among  the  pulp,  as 
described,  to  wit,  the  use  of  threads  of  different  colors 
or  characters  arranged  as  specified. 

1862.  Oct.  6.  The  paper  mill  of  D.  &  D.  S. 
Mason  &  Co.,  at  Bristol,  N.  H.,  was  burnt.  The 
building  and  machinery  cost  $18,000,  and  was  insured. 

1862.  June  27.  Louis  Piette,  editor  of  the  'Journal 
de  Fabricants  des  Papier,  died  at  Paris,  aged  59.  He 
published  in  1831,  a  treatise  on  paper  making,  which 
went  through  several  editions,  and  had  prepared  the 
second  edition  of  a  treatise  on  the  coloring  of  paper- 
pulp,  which  was  published  the  year  after  his  death,  with 
229  specimens  of  colored  paper.  Although  educated 
for  the  bar,  he  devoted  his  life  with  eminent  success  to 
the  improvement  in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  and  re- 
ceived medals  in  England,  France,  and  Germany  for 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  179 

specimens  which  he  produced  at  industrial  exhibitions 
in  those  countries  from  1842  to  1855. 

1862.  N.  W.  Taylor  and  J.  W.  Brightman,  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  patented  an  improvement  in  ma- 
chines for  drying  sized  paper. 

1862.  It  was  stated  by  the  London  Mechanics' 
Magazine  that  excellent  paper  was  now  made  in 
Europe  from  the  leaves  of  Indian  corn  ;  there  being 
a  paper  mill  in  operation  in  Switerzland,  and  another 
in  Austria,  which  made  paper  exclusively  from  that 
material. 

1862.  M.  Kolesoff  reported  the  aggregate  yearly 
production  of  Russia  to  be  of  the  value  of  5,680,000 
rubles,  the  result  of  the  labor  of  12,000  workmen  in 
165  mills.  This  would  give  72.07  workmen  to  each 
mill  —  a  large  force.  And  the  product  would  be  $3 1 7.50 
to  each  workman,  including  all  expenses  of  the  mills. 
Yet  all  estimates  of  Russian  manufactories  give  an 
equal  proportion  of  workmen. 

1862.  By  act  of  congress  the  import  duty  on  rags 
for  making  paper  was  taken  off. 

1862.  S.  S.  Crocker,  of  Lawrence,  Mass.,  patented 
an  improvement  in  machinery,  for  cleaning  pulp,  by  the 
combination  of  large  and  small  receptacles,  arranged 
to  work  together. 

1862.  H.  D.  Pochin,  of  England,  prepared  an 
anhydrous  rosin-soap  for  sizing  paper,  as  follows  : 
take  150  parts  by  weight  of  rosin,  75  of  soda  ash, 
such  as  contains  46  per  cent  of  alkali,  and  make  the 
rosin-soap  by  beating  and  grinding.    Then  take  10 


180         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

parts  of  such  rosin-soap,  and  18  of  the  ammoniate  of 
alum,  and  form  a  solution  of  such  a  strength  as  may 
be  required  for  paper  of  a  common  class.  For  fine 
paper,  a  rosin-soap  was  made  with  165  parts  of  rosin, 
and  165  parts  of  soda  ash. 

1862.  The  Niagara  Falls  Paper  Mill  Company  re- 
ceived orders  from  New  York  to  run  paper  on  reels 
in  quantities  equal  to  about  2,000  sheets,  as  by  an 
improvement  in  feeding  the  cylinder  press,  the  paper 
was  fed,  cut,  and  printed,  at  one  operation,  saving  the 
labor  of  eight  men. 

1862.  Nov.  21.  Ordinary  news  paper,  which  sold 
early  in  the  year  at  8  cents  net  cash,  was  now  17  cents 
cash  ;  all  writing  papers  were  at  40  cents  a  pound, 
and  No.  1  printing,  30  cents. 

1862.  The  war  between  the  north  and  south  having 
caused  an  enormous  rise  in  the  price  of  cotton,  twine 
was  now  made  of  paper. 

1862.  A  paper  mill  on  the  Fox  river,  Illinois,  was 
using  considerable  quantities  of  sorghum  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper  for  wrapping  and  printing. 

1863.  Henry  Pemberton,  of  East  Tarentum,  Pa., 
procured  a  patent  for  a  mode  of  manufacturing  pulp 
from  the  stalks  of  the  sorgo,  or  Chinese  sugar  cane 
(a  plant  of  the  genus  sorghum),  as  a  substitute  for 
linen  and  cotton  rags  in  the  manufacture  of  the  better 
qualities  of  paper. 

1863.  A  safety  paper  was  invented  in  England, 
designed  to  prevent  forgery  or  alteration  of  notes,  or 
any  paper  demanding  security.    It  consisted  of  a  sin- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  181 

gle  sheet  formed  of  several  layers  of  pulp,  superposed, 
of  different  nature  and  colors,  according  to  require- 
ment. The  middlle  layer  of  the  paper  required  only 
to  be  colored  of  a  delible  or  destructible  color  ;  the 
chemical  acid  employed  in  obliterating  the  writing 
would  also  destroy  this  color,  and  it  could  not  again 
be  restored  while  the  paper  surface  remained  white. 

1863.  G.  E.  Rutledge,  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  improved 
the  process  of  manufacture  by  a  current  in  that  portion 
of  the  fluid  pulp  in  which  the  sieve-cylinder  rotates, 
in  the  direction  corresponding  therewith,  by  which  the 
periphery  of  the  cylinder  and  the  fluid  pulp  in  which 
it  rests  are  relatively  at  rest. 

1863.  The  paper  makers  on  the  North  Esk,  in 
Scotland,  near  Edinburgh,  were  reported  to  manufac- 
ture more  than  1 1  million  pounds  of  paper,  and  to  use 
964  tons  of  chloride  of  lime  for  the  bleaching.  See 
1807. 

1863.  John  F.  Schuyler,  of  Philadelphia,  patented 
some  new  machinery  for  the  purpose  of  planishing 
paper. 

1863.  Dr.  Aloyse  Chevalier  Auer  de  Welsbach, 
of  Austria,  procured  a  patent  in  this  country  for  a 
process  of  obtaining  and  separating  the  textile  material 
contained  in  the  husks,  leaves,  and  stalks  of  Indian 
corn,  by  exposing  the  same,  together  with  a  solution 
of  lime  and  soda,  or  equivalent  substances,  to  the 
action  of  hot  or  boiling  water,  and  preparing  the 
material  in  a  peculiar  manner. 

1863.  John  F.  Jones,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in- 
16 


1 82         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


vented  an  improvement  which  consisted  in  a  certain 
construction  of  what  are  termed  the  cylinder  moulds, 
and  the  various  kinds  of  boards  produced  from  fibrous 
materials  whereby  provision  is  made  for  carrying  away 
the  water  from  their  interiors  through  hollow  journals, 
thereby  dispensing  with  the  use  of  packing  inside  of 
the  vat  by  the  substitution  of  stuffing  boxes  outside, 
thereby  facilitating  the  repacking,  and  obviating  much 
of  the  waste  of  stuff  which  is  unavoidable  with  inside 
packing. 

1863.  Stephen  M.  Allen,  of  Woburn,  Mass., 
obtained  a  patent  for  the  manufacture  of  paper  from 
wood,  by  cutting  the  wood  in  suitable  lengths,  crush- 
ing it  in  such  a  manner  as  to  preserve  the  integrity  of 
the  fibre  in  its  longitudinal  direction,  alternating  steep- 
ing, and  washing  the  same  at  increased  temperatures, 
and  finally  boiling,  grinding,  and  bleaching  the  same. 

1863.  A  company  was  formed,  composed  of  pro- 
prietors of  the  wood-pulp  patent,  who  purchased  the 
interest  of  C.  S.  Buchanan  in  his  patents  for  making 
paper  of  straw. 

1863.  James  R.  McElfatrick,  of  Fort  Wayne, 
Ind.,  obtained  fibrous  material  from  the  bolls  of  the 
sycamore  tree,  for  stock.  It  furnished  a  short  staple 
of  a  buff  color,  which  was  thought  to  be  as  suitable  as 
any  other  fibre,  and  could  be  procured  in  unlimited 
quantities  in  the  Western  states. 

1863.  A.  H.  Tait,  of  Jersey  City,  and  W.  H. 
Holbrook,  of  New  York  city,  made  an  improvement 
in  the  manufacture  of  pulp,  passing  the  straw  between 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  183 

grinding  surfaces,  and  treating  the  stock,  after  it  has 
passed  through  a  weak  alkaline  and  chlorine  treatment 
with  or  without  acid,  to  a  second  application  of  weak 
alkali  and  chlorine,  with  or  without  acid. 

1863.  P.  A.  Chadbourne,  of  Williamstown,  Mass., 
patented  a  mode  of  manufacturing  stock  from  wood, 
which  consisted  in  rasping,  filing,  or  scraping  wood, 
while  submerged  in  water,  or  saturated  therewith,  by 
the  action  or  flow  of  a  stream,  whereby  the  fibre  of 
the  wood  is  strengthened  or  made  sufficiently  tough  to 
avoid  injury  by  the  action  of  the  rasps  and  other  tools 
employed  in  the  reducing  of  the  wood,  and  a  perfect 
separation  of  the  individual  or  ultimate  fibre  from 
several  united  or  connected  fibres  attained,  and  the 
rasps  or  other  tools  also  kept,  while  in  operation,  in  a 
perfectly  clean  state  in  proper  working  order. 

1863.  Jonathan  Faw,  of  Lockland,  Ohio,  obtained 
a  patent  for  an  improvement  in  the  rag  engine, 

1863.  A  new  pulp-strainer  was  invented  by  Henry 
Watson,  of  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  and  Joseph  Mill- 
bourn,  of  Dartford,  England. 

1863.  The  importation  of  esparto  grass,  or  alfa 
fibre,  into  Great  Britain  during  this  year,  was  about 
18,000  tons,  and  the  use  of  it  was  estimated  to  have 
caused  an  increased  consumption  of  4,000  tons  per 
annum  of  soda  ash  and  bleaching  powders.  Nearly 
all  the  news  paper  used  contained  portions  of  it,  and 
some  of  the  cheaper  grades  consisted  of  only  one-fourth 
rag  material. 

1863.  John  Cowper,  of  England,  made  an  im- 


184         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


provement  in  the  mode  of  reducing  rags  and  waste 
substances  generally,  by  means  of  an  endless  feeder, 
upon  which  the  material  to  be  operated  on  is  fed 
between  a  pair  of  fluted  rollers,  which  deliver  it  to  a 
rotating  cylinder  provided  with  teeth. 

1863.  Congress  reduced  the  duty  on  printing  paper 
to  three  per  cent,  at  the  request  of  the  publishers,  who 
asked  for  a  total  repeal  of  all  duty.  The  high  price  of 
exchange  nullified  all  benefit  to  them  of  the  reduction 
of  the  custom. 

1863.  Stephen  M.  Allen,  of  Woburn,  Mass., 
claimed  the  invention  or  a  new  article  of  manufacture, 
which  he  denominated  tibrillia  leather,  or  leather  paper, 
consisting  of  leather  scraps  and  vegetable  fibre  com- 
bined ;  also,  the  combined  leather  scraps  steeped  in 
warm  water  previous  to  being  immersed  in  alkaline 
solution  with  the  unrotted  and  reduced  fibre  of  flax, 
hemp,  or  other  like  vegetable  fibre. 

1863.  May  10.  Tallman's  paper  mill  at  Ogdens- 
burgh,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt. 

1863.  A  joint  stock  company  with  a  capital  of 
several  hundred  thousand  dollars  was  formed,  and  pre- 
parations were  made  on  a  large  scale  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  paper  from  bamboo,  which  grows  in  unlimited 
quantities  in  the  island  of  Jamaica,  and  which,  beyond 
serving  to  form  partitions  between  the  various  ships' 
cargoes  leaving  that  island,  had  never  been  exported, 
and  was  only  used  on  the  island  for  a  few  purposes.  It 
now  suddenly  became  an  article  of  export,  and  the  vast 
jungles  of  bamboo  promised  to  become  almost  as 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making,  185 

valuable  as  fields  of  waving  grain.  The  bamboo,  after 
being  taken  out  of  the  ship,  was  tied  in  bundles  about 
five  feet  long,  which  were  soaked  in  a  large  tank  for 
about  24  hours.  The  bundles  were  then  placed  in  five 
large  steam  guns,  each  24  feet  in  length  and  15  inches 
in  diameter.  Here  for  half  an  hour  the  bamboo  was 
subjected  to  a  pressure  of  180  pounds  of  steam,  which 
reduced  it  to  such  a  condition,  that  when,  upon  a  given 
signal,  the  guns  are  discharged  by  the  opening  of  one 
of  the  ends,  the  bamboo,  in  the  shape  of  a  quantity  of 
fibrous  material,  looking  as  much  like  hemp  as  possible, 
was  thrown  out.  This  fibrous  matter  was  then  placed 
in  a  tank,  and  soaked  in  a  solution  of  spent  alkali.  It 
was  next  washed,  and  went  into  what  were  termed  the 
egg-boilers,  so  called  from  their  likeness  to  that  useful 
article  of  domestic  consumption.  Here  the  matter 
was  subjected  to  another  boiling  and  steam  pressure, 
and  from  thence  it  was  conveyed  to  the  pulp-boilers, 
where  it  was  boiled  in  a  strong  solution  of  alkali  at  90 
pounds  pressure. 

1863.  J.  F.  Jones,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  improved 
the  machine  for  making  paper  and  paper  boards.  He 
claimed  :  1 .  The  arrangement  and  combination  of  two 
or  more  cylinder-moulds,  vats,  felts,  and  press-rolls, 
whereby,  in  the  same  machine,  any  desired  number  of 
continuous  webs  of  palp  of  indefinite  length  may  be 
either  deposited  one  upon  another  for  the  continuous 
manufacture  of  boards,  or  may  be  kept  separate  from 
each  other  for  the  manufacture  of  several  continuous 
distinct  sheets  of  paper.     2.  The  combination  with 


1 86         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


such  a  system  of  cylinder- moulds,  vats,  felts,  and 
press- rolls,  of  a  series  of  guide-rolls,  for  separating  the 
several  webs  of  pulp  as  they  are  delivered  from  the 
press-rolls.  3.  The  combination  of  such  system  of 
cylinder-moulds  as  herein  before  specified,  and  a  con- 
tinuous series  of  drying  cylinders  and  calendering  rolls, 
in  such  manner  that  the  manufacture  of  boards  or  of 
several  webs  of  paper  may  be  carried  on  by  a  continu- 
ous process.  4.  The  arrangement  of  several  spouts, 
pipes,  and  valves,  and  self-acting  feed-gate,  in  combin- 
ation with  each  other  and  with  the  several  vats.  5. 
The  save-all,  composed  of  a  vat,  a  cylinder-mould,  a 
coucher  and  a  scraper  combined  and  applied  in  con- 
nection with  one  or  more  paper  making  machines.  6. 
The  combination  of  press-rolls,  to  obtain  two  pressures 
from  three  rolls.  7.  The  employment  of  calendering 
rolls  on  the  top  of  drying  cylinders,  to  equalize  the 
water  in  the  board,  and  make  it  of  uniform  dryness 
as  it  passes  over  the  dryers,  and  partially  effect  the 
glazing  and  calendering  process  while  the  board  is 
being  dried. 

1863.  G.  S.  Sellers,  of  Hardin  county,  Illinois, 
made  an  improvement  in  preparing  woody  fibre  for 
paper  stock,  by  pressure  in  the  line  or  nearly  so  of 
the  fibre. 

1 863.  J.  B.  Fuller,  of  Claremont,  N.  H.,  discovered 
a  new  mode  of  preparing  vegetable  fibre  for  paper. 
He  claimed  :  1.  Curing  vegetable  fibre  in  a  vessel  by 
means  of  jets  of  steam.  2.  An  open  grinder,  receiving 
the  fibrous  material  directly  from  the  curing  vessel,  so 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  187 

that  the  grinding  operation  is  independent  of  that  of 
the  curing,  but  the  vegetable  fibre  is  ground  while 
hot     3.  Separating  the  fibre  from  the  overflow  water 
by  means  of  the  sieve  and  brush.    4.  Heating  the 
interior  of  the  grinder  by  the  introduction  of  steam. 
5.  A  column  of  water  rising  sufficiently  above  the 
grinder  to  produce  the  hydrostatic  pressure  necessary 
for  curing  the  fibrous  materials  to  pass  through  the 
grinder,  as  specified.    6.  The  double  volute,  a  spiral 
channel  for  cooling  the  cured  vegetable  fibre  and 
imparting  the  heat  thereof  to  the  uncured  vegetable 
material  traveling  in  the  intervening  volute  channels 
in  the  opposite  direction,  was  composed  of  three  lay- 
ers of  different  thicknesses,  of  which  the  central  was 
colored  with  a  delible  or  easily  removable  color,  and 
the  external  layers  charged  with  silicate  of  magnesia 
or  other  mineral  or  vegetable  matter. 

1863.  M.  L.  Keen,  of  Roger's  Ford,  Pa.,  patented 
a  boiler  for  making  pulp,  provided  with  a  perforated 
diaphragm  or  well  ;  also  an  arrangement  of  the  dis- 
charge pipe  and  valve  for  the  purpose  of  blowing  out 
or  discharging  the  contents  of  the  boiler  under  pressure. 

1863.  The  imports  of  paper  at  the  port  of  New 
York  were  $1 25, 141,  yielding  a  revenue  of  $39,684  \ 
at  Boston,  $306,840,  yielding  a  revenue  of  $90,688  ; 
at  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia,  none  \  giving  a  total 
revenue  of  $130,372.  The  secretary  said  it  was  im- 
possible to  state  how  much  of  this  was  for  printing 
paper,  but  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  diminution 
of  the  tariff"  would  considerably  increase  the  revenue. 


1 88         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


An  effort  was  made  by  publishers  to  get  the  duty  re- 
moved, on  account  of  the  high  price  of  paper. 

1863.  Feb.  16.  The  newspaper  and  book*  pub- 
lishers of  Boston  appeared  before  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  to  urge  the  importance  of  memorializ- 
ing congress  for  relief  against  the  paper  monopoly,  as 
it  was  termed.  It  was  shown  that  the  cost  of  school 
books  alone  was  five  millions  of  dollars  annually,  and 
that  this  combination  added  twenty  per  cent  thereto. 

1863.  Jan.  14.  The  entire  edition  of  the  Boston 
Journal  was  for  the  first  time  printed  on  paper  made 
of  basswood,  tilia  americana.  The  price  of  news- 
paper rose  at  one  time  to  32cts.  a  pound. 
.  1863.  Feb.  28.  The  paper  mill  of  G.  &  W.  U. 
Moore,  on  the  Kater  kil,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss 
$8,000;  insured  $4,000. 

1863.  Rags  were  exported  from  Madras  this  year 
to  the  amount  of  2,022  cwts.,  being  the  first  time 
that  this  article  had  appeared  in  the  list  of  exports 
from  that  place. 

1863.  Experiments  were  made  in  England  with 
potatoes  for  the  production  of  half-stuff,  for  coarse 
and  fine  paper,  by  one  Sellers. 

1863.  It  was  stated  that  paper  was  made  at  this 
time  in  large  quantity  from  the  swamp-flag,  or  cat-tail, 
and  that  the  demand  for  it  was  greater  than  the 
supply  ;  that  it  was  used  for  card  board,  and  paper- 
hangings,  for  which  it  was  well  adapted. 

1863.  William  Boaler,  of  Manchester,  England, 
invented  an  improved  dryer  fabric  for  paper  making  ; 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  189 

which  consisted  in  the  substitution  of  a  more  suitable 
kind  of  cloth  for  the  ordinary  dryer  felt  in  use  for 
expelling  and  absorbing  moisture. 

1863.  Joseph  Prosper  Olier,  of  Paris,  France,  took 
out  a  patent  in  this  country  for  a  safety  paper,  which 
was  composed  of  three  layers  of  different  thicknesses, 
of  which  the  central  was  colored  with  a  delible  or  easily 
removable  color,  and  the* external  layers  charged  with 
silicate  of  magnesia,  or  other  mineral  or  vegetable 
matter. 

1864.  Philip  Lichtenstadt,  of  New  York  city,  pa- 
tented a  process  for  preparing  fibre  from  the  bamboo  ; 
separating  and  disintegrating  the  fibre  contained  in 
that  article,  by  treating  it  with  a  solution  of  lime, 
nitrate  of  soda,  and  oxalic  acid,  and  preparing  the 
textile  material  for  manufacturing  purposes.  He  made 
experiments  under  disadvantages  at  a  mill  near  New 
York. 

1864.  The  official  statistics  of  the  French  customs 
exhibit  the  following  returns  for  the  first  five  months 
of  three  years,  on  paper  and  pasteboard  : 

1862.  1863.  1864. 

6,156,000  francs.    6,993,000  fr.    8,159,000  fr. 

1864.  Feb.  19.  The  paper  manufacturers  and 
paper  companies  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  211  in 
number,  representing  271  mills,  petitioned  parliament 
for  an  abatement  of  taxes  and  the  exertion  of  the  go- 
vernment for  the  removal  of  all  restrictions  abroad 
upon  the  export  of  all  paper  making  materials  — the 
export  duties  in  some  parts  of  Italy  having  been  doubled 


i  go         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


in  amount ;  that  in  France  and  Belgium  a  duty  of  ,£5 
per  ton  was  levied  on  the  export  of  rags  ;  in  Holland 
upwards  of  £\  per  ton  ;  and  more  than  £9  per  ton  in 
Prussia  and  the  Zollverein  ;  while  the  export  from 
England  was  free. 

1864.  Feb.  21.  The  steam  paper  mill  of  Chauncey 
Watson,  at  Middleburgh,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  Loss 
$8,000  ;  insured  for  $4,000. 

1864.  Feb.  13.  The  boiler  in  Buchanan  &  Bul- 
lard's  paper  mill  at  Schuylerville,  N.  Y.,  exploded,  and 
passed  through  eleven  buildings,  killing  two  persons, 
and  destroying  the  building  in  which  it  had  been  used. 

1864.  J.  A.  Roth,  of  Philadelphia,  patented  a  mode 
of  preparing  fibrous  material  from  corn  stalks,  by 
solving  and  abstracting  the  components  of  the  stalks 
by  the  application  of  one  or  more  water  baths  in  a 
boiling  state,  over  2120  Fahr.  2.  The  use  of  the 
chemical  agent,  after  the  water  bath  or  the  boiling  of 
the  material  under  treatment  has  been  completed.  3. 
The  combination  of  treatment  or  process  of  the  fibres 
of  the  stalks,  and  also  the  neutralizing  of  substances 
still  adhering  to  the  fibres  after  being  washed  by  the 
application  of  sulphuric  acid  or  its  equivalent. 

1864.  George  A.  Corser,  of  Leicester,  Mass.,  in- 
vented an  angular  bed  plate  for  engines,  for  working 
stock  ;  it  is  described  as  composed  of  two  or  more 
sets  of  angular  plates,  arranged  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  angles  of  the  adjoining  sets  are  inverted  in  relation 
to  each  other. 

1864.  The  price  of  news  paper  reached  28  cents  a 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 9 1 

pound,  and  of  fine  book  paper  45  cents  a  pound.  A 
renewed  research  was  made  among  the  garrets  and 
store  rooms,  induced  by  the  payment  of  8  cents  a 
pound  for  waste  paper.  Thousands  of  tons  of  old 
books  and  newspapers,  school  and  account  books, 
correspondence  and  business  papers  of  all  sorts,  were 
turned  over  to  the  mills,  without  lessening  the  price 
of  white  paper. 

1864.  During  the  last  thirty  years  calico  had  been 
the  favorite  material  for  book  covers  ;  but  it  was  so 
increased  in  price,  owing  to  the  war,  that  an  enter- 
prising firm  conceived  the  idea  of  forming  a  paper 
substance  having  all  the  strength  and  flexibility  of 
cloth,  to  take  its  place  outside  of  books.  This  sub- 
stance appears  to  receive  gilt  impressions  with  the 
distinctness  of  morocco,  and  as  it  can  be  washed  with 
soap  and  water  when  dirty,  it  may  be  surmised  that 
hereafter  the  phrase,  "  musty  "  literature,  will  fall  into 
disuse.  It  is  said  that  its  cost  will  be  something  like 
one-half  the  price  of  the  present  embossed  cloth. 

1864.  July  20.    The  extensive  paper  mill  of  

Nixon  at  Manayunk,  near  Philadelphia,  was  destroyed 
by  fire.    Loss  over  $100,000. 

1864.  W.  F.  Ladd,  of  Tarry  town,  and  S.  A, 
Walsh,  of  New  York  city,  invented  a  boiler  for 
pressing  vegetable  substances.  In  this  improved  ap- 
paratus the  material  to  be  reduced  to  pulp  is  to  be 
treated  either  with  or  without  alkali,  and  is  at  all  times 
submerged  in  the  liquor  or  solution  employed  in  the 
boiling  process.    By  an  arrangement  of  a  perforated 


192         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


diaphragm  in  the  boiler  the  material  is  kept  at  a  certain 
point  while  the  liquor  rises  above  it,  and  the  heat  is 
applied  either  by  a  coil  of  steam,  or  by  a  traveling 
furnace  arranged  to  run  back  and  forth  under  the 
boiler  ;  this  furnace  can  be  removed  when  it  becomes 
necessary  to  stop  the  boiling  ;  the  contents  can  then  be 
discharged  through  a  grate  into  any  suitable  receiver. 

1864.  Henry  F.  Anthony,  of  New  York  city,  in- 
vented a  mode  of  albumenizing  paper  by  combining 
or  mixing  the  nitrate  of  ammonia  directly  with  the 
albumenizing  fluid. 

1864.  John  F.  Jones  sold  the  Genesee  paper  mills 
at  the  Lower  falls  to  the  Rochester  Paper  Company,  for 
$25,000.  They  commenced  business  with  a  capital 
of  $100,000,  and  contemplated  an  extensive  business, 
including  the  manufacture  of  straw  and  junk  board. 

1864.  The  exports  from  France  of  paper  and  paste- 
board, for  the  first  four  months  of  this  year,  were 
6,269,000  francs ;  against  5,624,000  francs  for  same 
period  in  1863,  and  4,925,000  francs  in  1862. 

1864.  Richard  Magee,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  a 
mode  of  coating  writing  paper,  which  he  obtained  a 
patent  for  as  a  new  article  of  manufacture. 

1864.  It  was  announced  that  an  active  trade  was 
carried  on  in  Chester  county,  Pa  ,  in  poplar  wood, 
designed  for  the  manufacture  of  paper.  The  mills  at 
Springfield  were  run  by  New  York  capitalists,  and 
were  extensive.  The  price  given  for  the  wood  deli- 
vered on  the  line  of  Chester  Valley  Rail  Road,  was 
four  dollars  a  cord. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 93 

1864.  George  Escor  Sellers,  Sellers  Landing,  111., 
discovered  a  method  of  preparing  disintegrated  vege- 
table fibre  for  paper  stock,  by  the  removal  or  change 
in  the  nature  of  the  incrusting  or  adhering  nonfibrous 
matter  by  fermentation  and  washings,  previous  to 
bleaching  with  chlorine.  2.  The  use  of  chlorine  as  a 
solvent  for  the  nonfibrous  portions  of  vegetable  sub- 
stances that  have  become  discolored  and  hardened  by 
heat  in  the  process  of  disintegration,  combined  with 
boiling  and  hot-water  washing  to  remove  them  from 
the  fibre  previously  to  bleaching.  Mr.  Sellers  also 
patented  a  mode  of  forming,  drying,  and  packing 
paper  stock  ;  claiming  the  above  described  mode  of 
reducing  pulp  to  a  condition  for  transportation,  by  a 
system  of  alternate  exhaustion  and  compression  ;  also 
the  use  of  the  same  mode  for  the  combination  of  pulp 
or  fibre  and  other  matters  of  various  qualities,  for  the 
purpose  of  producing  boards  or  cards  suitable  for  use 
in  the  arts.  ■ 

1864.  Jacob  Storer,  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H«,  in- 
vented a  mode  of  preparing  vegetable  fibre  by  the  use 
of  steam  and  vapor  of  water  for  conveying  alkalies 
and  other  chemicals. 

1864.  The  duty  on  rags  exported  from  Russia  by 
its  western  frontier  was  reduced  one-half;  that  is, 
from  14!  francs  to      francs  per  kilometer. 

1 864,  For  the  accommodation  of  the  manufacturers 
of  paper  in  the  departments,  docks  were  established 
in  Paris,  to  facilitate  trade  in  their  products. 

1864.  W.  B.  Newbery,  of  Dorchester,  Massachu- 


194         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


setts,  patented  a  mode  of  producing  paper  from  espartero, 
or  Spanish  grass,  either  alone  or  in  combination  with 
manilla,  jute,  gunny,  or  other  fibrous  materials. 

1854.  The  paper  makers  of  Great  Britain  made 
complaint  of  the  injury  which  their  avocation  sustained 
by  the  recent  commercial  treaty  with  France.  Mr. 
Maguire  addressed  the  house  of  commons  on  the 
20th  July,  representing  the  grievances  of  the  trade, 
and  demanding  an  investigation.  The  complaint  was 
of  the  tax  of  12  per  cent  on  rags  exported  from 
France.  Notwithstanding  the  tax,  Great  Britain  im- 
ported 4,215,630  kilograms  during  the  year  preceding,, 
from  France. 

r864.  A.  K.  Eaton,  of  New  York  citv,  patented 
a  process  of  manufacturing  paper-pulp  from  straw  or 
other  substances.  1.  Subjecting  it  to  a  grinding  pro- 
cess, commencing  in  the  early  stages  of  the  treatment 
with  hot  alkalies,  and  continuing  the  grinding  in  con- 
nection with  the  alkaline  treatment.  *2.  Purifying 
the  alkali  held  in  solution  in  the  refuse  liquor  by  pass- 
ing it  through  a  filter,  rendering  it  suitable  for  use 
again,  and  completely  reproducing  it  when  necessary 
by  making  it  into  combustible  cakes. 

1864.  The  manufacturers  of  straw  paper  in  several 
departments  of  France  met  at  Avignon  22d  Mayr 
and  resolved  to  form  an  association,  and  to  establish 
a  minimum  price  for  their  fabrics.  They  decided 
to  augment  their  prices  from  1  to  2  francs  per  100 
kilograms  (about  two  to  four  dollars  per  ton).  The 
manufacturers  of  another  portion  of  France  met  at 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  195 

Avignon  on  the  16th  June,  and  resolved  to  increase 
their  prices  2  francs  on  thick  and  4  francs  on  thin 
paper  per  100  kil.  A  general  meeting  of  the  straw 
manufacturers  of  the  empire  was  to  be  held  at  Paris  on 
the  5th  August ;  and  on  the  1  ith  of  the  same  month  a 
convention  of  the  paper  makers  of  all  denominations 
was  called  at  Paris,  to  consult  upon  affairs  of  trade. 

1864.  The  ^Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Papier,  of 
France,  calculated  the  annual  consumption  of  paper 
in  the  world  at  from  thirty-one  to  thirty-two  millions 
of  quintals;  that  the  English  employed  annually  15 
millions ;  France  5  millions  \  the  German  states,  1 
million  ;  Austria  \  million  ;  and  the  rest  of  the  world 
10  millions  of  quintals. 

1864.  Lucien  Bardoux,  of  Poitiers,  France,  took 
out  a  patent  for  a  process  of  making  pulp  for  paper 
and  pasteboard,  adapted  to  vegetable  as  well  as  animal 
substances,  which  had  been  patented  in  his  own  coun- 
try in  1861. 

1865.  Jan.  5th.  At  a  meeting  of  Ohio  newspaper 
publishers  in  Columbus,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
memorialize  congress  against  a  prohibitory  paper  tariff. 

1865.  The  Paper  Trade  ^Journal  announced  73 
paper  mills  in  Sweden,  employing  16 13  workmen. 
This  is  so  much  in  excess  of  other  reports,  as  to  in- 
dicate that  some  of  them  are  erroneous. 

1865.  The  Wood  Pulp  Works  Company  founded 
an  establishment  at  Manayunk,  Pa.,  having  a  capacity 
for  producing  300  cwt.  of  wood  pulp  daily,  by  the 
chemical  process  of  Watt  and  Burgess. 


196         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1865.  The  following  scale  of  prices  in  the  city  of 
New  York,  for  January,  was  published  in  The  Printer, 


Note  paper,  first  class,  -    -    -  - 

■  55 

@ 

60 

per  lb. 

"      "      good,     -    -    -  - 

-  5° 

@ 

55 

cc 

"      "      common,  -    -    -  - 

•  45 

@ 

5° 

cc 

Letters  and  foolscaps,  first  class, 

-  co 

(CO, 

<^ 

jj 

cc 

cc              "  second, 

ra 

j 

cc 

"              c<  common, 

-  A.O 

(to 

AC 

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Flat  caps  and  folios,  first  class, 

AC 

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48 

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cc                u     second  class, 

ra 

1 

cc 

"                u  common, 

35 

@ 

40 

cc 

Common  news,  straw,  etc., 

-  20 

@ 

22 

cc 

Good          u     rag,     -    -    -  - 

22 

@ 

25 

cc 

Fair  white  book,       -    -    -  - 

-  25 

@ 

28 

cc 

Extra  book,  ------- 

28 

@ 

cc 

Sized  and  calendered  book,  -  - 

-  3° 

@ 

33 

cc 

Extra  "         "           "    -    -  - 

35 

40 

cc 

Manilla  wrapping,     -    -    -  - 

-  18 

@ 

20 

cc 

1865.  Feb.  2.  The  large  paper  mill  of  Elizur  Smith, 
at  Lee,  Mass.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1865.  Congress  was  memorialized  for  a  removal 
of  the  duty  on  paper,  and  in  view  of  foreign  paper 
being  admitted  free,  news  paper  fell  in  price  8  cents  a 
pound,  contracts  being  made  as  low  as  1 8  cents  a  pound. 

1865.  The  operation  of  many  paper  mills  was 
stopped  by  the  long  continued  drouth,  and  the  price  of 
fine  sized  and  calendered  printing  paper  was  advanced 
from  35  to  40  cents  a  pound. 

1865.  Sept.  26.  The  paper  mill  of  Russell  &  Co., 
at  Lawrence,  Mass.,  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  197 

1865.  There  were  seven  paper  mills  in  Ballston, 
N.  Y.,  four  of  them  devofeH  to  printing  paper,  and 
three  to  wrapping,  paper  collars,  and  tissue  paper. 
These  mills  averaged  twenty-eight  tons  a  day,  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  about  $9,000. 

1865.  Dec.  13.  The  pasteboard  mills  at  South 
Dedham,  Mass.,  owned  by  J.  Ellis  &  Co.,  were  nearly 
consumed  by  fire.  Loss  estimated  at  $20,000 ;  insured 
for  $8,000.  The  mills  were  new,  having  replaced 
those  burnt  about  eighteen  months  before. 

1865.  A  company  was  organized  at  Glen's  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  for  manfacturing  straw  paper  of  an  improved 
quality. 

1865.  Dec.  20.  The  Black  Riverpaper  mill, owned 
by  A.  J.  Fullum,  at  Springfield,  Vt.,  was  burned  : 
insurance  small. 

1865.  The  value  of  the  paper  manufactured  in 
Massachusetts  this  year  was  computed  at  $9,008,521. 
There  were  118  paper  manufactories  in  the  state,  con- 
suming 34,165  tons  of  stock.  The  capital  employed 
was  $3,785,300,  and  3,554  workmen  were  employed. 

1866.  Feb.  4.  The  St.  Charles  paper  mill,  at  St. 
Charles,  Illinois,  the  largest  establishment  of  the  kind 
in  the  west,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  entailing  a  loss  of 
$11 0,000,  on  which  there  was  an  insurance  of  $20,000. 

1866.  June  16.  Howland's  extensive  paper  mill, 
situated  in  Saratoga  county,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hud- 
son river,  between  Mechanicsville  and  Stillwater, 
about  one  mile  above  the  former  place,  was  destroyed 
by  fire.  The  loss  was  stated  at  $75,000,  with  no 
17 


198        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

insurance.  There  was  $10,000  worth  of  paper  in  the 
mill  at  the  time  ready  for  shipment,  but  not  a  dollar's 
worth  of  it  was  saved. 

1866.  The  editor  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Aurora  said, 
that  a  few  Sundays  before,  he  heard  a  clergyman,  in 
illustrating  a  point  in  his  discourse,  state  that  during 
the  late  war,  a  New  York  merchant  at  Alexandria,  in 
Egypt,  having  occasion  to  furnish  a  ship  with  a  freight 
homeward,  was  led,  partly  through  fear  of  pirates,  to 
load  her  with  mummies  from  the  famous  Egyptian 
catacombs.  On  arriving  here,  the  strange  cargo  was 
sold  to  a  paper  manufacturer  in  Connecticut,  who 
threw  the  whole  mass,  the  linen  cerement,  the  bitumen 
and  the  poor  remains  of  humanity,  into  the  hopper, 
and  had  them  ground  to  powder.  "  And,"  added  the 
speaker,  cc  the  words  I  am  now  reading  to  you,  are 
written  on  some  of  this  paper." 

1866.  March  3.  The  Agawam  paper  mill  was 
burnt;  loss  $56,000. 

1866.  May  3.  Howland,  Palser  &  Co.'s  paper 
mill  was  destroyed  by  fire,  at  Fort  Edward.  Loss 
$50,000;  insured  $18,000. 

1866.  The  Carew  Paper  Company  of  South  Hadley 
Falls,  Mass.,  declared  a  yearly  dividend  of  100  per 
cent,  reserving  a  fund  sufficient  to  build  an  addition 
to  their  mill.  Their  dividend  of  the  previous  year 
was  120  per  cent.    Their  capital  was  merely  nominal. 

1866.  A  gi/1  employed  at  sorting  rags  in  the  Colum- 
bia mill,  at  Lee,  Mass.,  found  four  $100  bills  among 
the  paper  stock. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  199 

1866.  It  was  announced  that  the  paper  mills  of 
Great  Britain  manufactured  28,500  tons  of  paper  a 
month. 

1866.  The  great  bamboo  enterprise  was  thrown 
into  the  shade  by  another  which  was  organized  for 
the  production  of  paper  from  poplar,  and  located  at 
Manayunk,  on  the  Schuylkill  river.  It  had  been  dis- 
covered that  poplar  could  be  manufactured  into  paper 
in  twenty-four  hours,  and  with  so  much  economy  that 
it  could  be  sold  so  as  to  afford  a  profit  at  ten  cents  a 
pound  !  Works  were  accordingly  constructed  of  stone 
and  brick  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  occupying 
a  space  1,000  feet  long  by  350  wide,  at  a  cost  of  over 
$500,000.  United  with  the  Flat  Rock  mills  they  were 
represented  to  embrace  an  area  of  about  ten  acres  ; 
and  were  thought  to  be  the  most  extensive  works  of 
the  kind  in  the  world,  and  to  be  capable  of  producing 
from  ten  to  fifteen  tons  of  pulp  a  day.  It  was  an- 
nounced in  the  newspapers,  which  always  exercise  an 
unbounded  liberality  in  figures  in  such  cases,  that  the 
subscribed  capital  in  this  enterprise  was  upwards  of 
ten  millions  of  dollars.  The  grandest  calculations 
were  indulged  in  the  abundant  supply  of  poplar,  with 
the  aid  of  willow  and  other  soft  woods,  nearly  valueless 
for  fuel  ;  and  were  to  result  in  as  great  a  boon  to 
civilization  as  the  steam  engine  and  the  magnetic 
telegraph  ! 

1866.  Jan.  6.  R.  Paulin's  paper  mill  at  Man- 
chester, Va.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 

1866.  The  price  of  leather  was  so  enhanced  as  to 


200 


Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


stimulate  efforts  to  produce  paper  of  a  consistence  to 
form  a  substitute,  in  the  manufacture  of  traveling 
trunks,  and  the  success  was  so  great  that  the  deception 
was  almost  complete.    (See  1830.) 

1866.  The  prices  of  the  various  kinds  of  printing 
and  writing  papers  had  increased  200  per  cent  in  five 
years,  so  that  news  paper  which  before  the  internecine 
war  sold  at  8  cents  a  pound  was  now  25  ;  and  fine 
book  paper  which  had  been  furnished  at  16  cents  on 
six  months  tiir*e,  was  40  cents  cash.  New  York  and 
Boston  publishers  resorted  to  European  markets,  at  a 
saving  of  twenty-five  per  cent.  The  Harpers  imported 
from  Belgium,  and  Ticknor  &  Fields  from  London. 

1866.  The  proprietor  of  Lloyd's  Newspaper  in  Lon- 
don imported  270  tons  of  esparto  grass  from  Algeria 
for  the  manufacture  of  paper  for  that  journal.  It  was 
claimed  that  the  cost  of  this  kind  of  paper  was  one- 
half  that  of  the  linen  fabric. 

1866.  McKerry's  paper  mill  at  Rockton,  Illinois, 
was  destroyed  by  fire.    Loss  $15,000. 

1867.  It  was  announced  that  L.  Murray  Crane, 
paper-maker  in  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  had  invented 
a  process  of  manufacturing  paper  which  would  prevent 
counterfeiting.  His  mode  was  to  run  minute  threads 
of  gutta  percha  through  the  sheet,  that  could  not  be 
imitated. 

1867.  The  importations  of  paper  into  France  in 
this  year  were  296,637  kilograms  ;  of  rags  5,136,569 
kil.  The  exports  4,918,520  kil.  of  paper;  1,429,055 
kil.  of  rags.  (The  kilogram  being  the  24th  part  of  an 
ounce.) 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  201 

1867.  There  were  six  mills  in  Saratoga  county, 
N.  Y.,  manufacturing  paper  from  straw;  using  9,000 
tons  of  straw  per  annum,  costing  $1 00,000,  and  pro- 
ducing about  4,500  tons  of  paper. 

1867.  The  end  wall  of  a  paper  mill  at  Greenville, 
Conn.,  owned  by  Campbell,  Hall  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  was  undermined  by  a  freshet,  and  fell  into  the 
Shetucket  river,  entailing  a  loss  of  $20,000. 

1867.  Feb.  20.  The  boiler  of  the  Wisconsin  Paper 
Company's  mill  exploded  in  Milwaukie.  Four  persons 
were  killed  and  three  others  injured.  The  damage  to 
the  mill  was  estimated  at  $20,000. 

1867.  It  was  announced  that  the  following  substi- 
tutes for  rags  in  paper  making  were  actually  in  use: 
abacca  (manilla  hemp),  agave  of  Cuba,  cultivated  hemp, 
white  hemp  of  Hayti,  Indian  hemp,  cotton,  acacia, 
fibres  of  aloes,  Spanish  broom,  silk  weed,  hops,  jute 
(Bengal  hemp),  down  of  date  tree,  flax,  Chinese  hemp, 
mallows,  mulberry,  Chinese  nettle,  New  Zealand  flax, 
esparto  grass,  linden,  or  basswood,  yucca,  bamboo  of 
Jamaica  and  canes  from  the  Carolinas. 

1867.  Dec.  16.  A.  L.  Dunwell's  paper  mill  at 
Newark,  N.  J.,  was  burnt ;  loss  $50,000. 

1867.  The  demand  for  paper  was  so  great  in 
France  this  year,  that  numerous  new  mills  were 
erected. 

1867.  The  mills  in  the  United  States  had  been 
increased  during  the  last  four  years  nearly  one-half. 
Instead  of  running  night  and  day,  as  was  the  custom 
before  1861,  by  a  combination  among  the  trade,  they 


202         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


kept  up  the  price  of  paper  by  running  on  short  time  ; 
nevertheless  towards  the  close  of  this  year  there  was 
a  considerable  reduction  in  price.  News  paper  was 
reduced  from  its  maximum  of  25  cents  a  pound  to  16 
cents. 

1877.  T.  H.  Saunders,  a  paper  maker  of  Dartford, 
England,  displayed  at  the  Paris  exhibition,  samples  of 
the  shaded  watermark  of  the  most  artistic  forms, 
producing  an  effect  almost  incredible  to  those  who 
were  before  familiar  only  with  the  old  wire-marked 
paper. 

1867.  There  were  at  this  time  in  France  140 
firms  still  engaged  in  the  production  of  hand-made 
paper. 

1867.  May.  To  counteract  the  downward  tend- 
ency of  news  paper,  the  Saratoga  mills  were  run  upon 
half  time.  This  quality  of  paper  now  sold  at  about 
16  cents,  largely  straw  stock. 

1867.  May.  The  paper  mills  at  Marietta,  Georgia, 
destroyed  by  the  northern  army  under  Sheridan,  were 
now  rebuilt  and  running  under  favorable  auspices. 

1868.  Jan.  4.  The  paper  mill  of  J.  G.  Parker  & 
Co.,  at  Greenwich,  Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  was 
burnt.    Loss  $25,000  ;  insured  for  $20,000. 

1 868.  Complaint  was  made  in  England  of  the  heavy 
twine  and  paper  used  by  the  manufacturers  in  wrap- 
ping, which  amounted  to  2J  per  cent  of  the  whole  sum. 

1868.  Jan.  23.  The  mill  of  the  Auburn  Paper 
Company  was  destroyed  by  fire.  It  was  situated 
near  the  city  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  and  was  insured  for 
$16,500;  loss  $80,000. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  203 

1868.  March  15.  The  paper  mill  at  Waterville, 
Me.,  was  burned.    Loss  $20,000  ;  insured. 

1868.  Paper  was  now  manufactured  in  various  ways 
as  substitutes  for  wood  in  roofing  ;  for  boxes  and  table 
tops  ;  for  pails,  spittoons,  wash  bowls,  buckets,  and 
barrels  ;  as  resisting  wear  and  tear,  and  the  action  of 
the  elements,  better  than  wood  and  iron  !  It  was  also 
employed  for  cuffs,  collars,  shirt  bosoms,  buttons,  hats 
and  bonnets  ;  for  tapestry,  curtains  and  carpets,  and 
belting  for  machinery.  It  was  not  now  so  much  a 
matter  of  inquiry  of  what  paper  could  be  made,  as  of 
what  could  be  made  of  it,  so  that  it  bade  fair  to  enter 
into  about  every  thing  in  use. 

1868.  The  price  of  rags  in  Russia  had  increased 
100  per  cent. 

1868.  Jan.  23.  Perrin's  paper  mill  at  Marshall, 
Michigan,  was  burnt.  The  loss  was  stated  at  $27,000, 
with  an  insurance  of  $9,000. 

1868.  Jan.  5.  The  paper  mill  at  Shushan,  belong- 
ing to  James  Partridge,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  The 
mill  was  valued  at  $8,000,  on  which  there  was  an  in- 
surance of  $6,000. 

1868.  March  25.  The  paper  mill  of  H.  E. 
Rodgers,  at  Cheneyville,  Ct.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
Loss  $50,000  ;  insurance,  $27,000. 

1868.  A  French  paper  stated  that  the  annual  con- 
sumption of  paper  in  England  was  220  millions  of 
pounds;  that  France  consumed  195  millions;  but 
that  the  United  States  consumed  more  than  both 
England  and  France,  the  total  consumption  being  440 
million  pounds. 


204        Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1868.  There  was  not  a  single  paper  mill  in  Greece, 
the  whole  supply  of  paper  being  imported  from  Aus- 
tria, Italy  and  France.  About  twelve  thousand  tons 
of  rags,  collected  by  four  hundred  persons,  were  an- 
nually sold  to  France  and  England. 

1868  The  ten  paper  mills  at  Holyoke,  Mass., 
manufactured  twenty-six  tons  of  paper  daily.  About 
four-fifths  of  this  was  writing  paper,  the  remainder 
collar,  envelope,  and  tissue  paper. 

1868.  The  twenty-one  paper  mills  in  Lee,  Mass., 
worked  up  fourteen  million  pounds  of  rags  during  this 
year  ;  and  the  thirty-five  mills  in  the  county  of  Berk- 
shire, which  comprehends  those  of  Lee,  consumed 
twenty-eight  million  pounds. 

1868.  The  importations  of  paper  into  France  were 
348,164  kilograms  \  of  rags,  4,699,155  kils.  The  ex- 
ports were  4,828,  944  kils.  of  paper,  and  1,503,134 
kils.  of  rags. 

1868.  March  31.  Taylor  &  Co.'s  paper  mill  at 
Westfield,  Mass.,  was  burnt.    Loss  $10,000. 

1868.  J.  E.  Hover,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  a 
kind  of  writing  paper,  charged  with  an  earthy  carbonate, 
by  which  common  writing  ink  of  the  palest  descrip- 
tion, when  applied  to  it,  became  intensely  black.  It 
was  claimed  that  it  took  printing  ink  more  readily, 
producing  a  black  and  smooth  impression. 

1868.  A  paper  mill  in  Masschusetts  was  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper  belting  as  a  substitute  for 
leather  machine  belts. 

1868.  June  4.    The  works  of  the  American  Fibre 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  205 

Disintegrating  Company,  at  Red  Hook,  Brooklyn, 
N.  Y.,  were  burnt.  Loss  §95,000.  This  company 
had  expended  large  sums  of  money  in  experiments  of 
blasting  cane  and  bamboo  from  steam  guns,  to  be  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  paper,  instead  of  submitting 
them  to  the  ordinary  grinding  and  saturating  process 
in  water. 

1868.  It  was  estimated  that  twenty-seven  tons  of 
paper  a  day  were  used  in  Paris  by  journals,  reviews 
and  pamphlets.  The  Times  newspaper,  London,  con- 
sumed eleven  tons  of  paper  a  day. 

1868.  Aug.  26.  Hogan's  paper  mill  at  Rhinebeck 
was  burnt.    Loss  stated  at  §30,000. 

1868.  Oct.  17.  The  Penfield  paper  mill  at  Ro- 
chester was  burnt,  having  an  insurance  of  §60,000. 

1868.  Thomas  Manahan  issued  the  Paper  Trade 
Reporter,  the  first  newspaper  issued  in  the  interests  of 
paper  makers  in  this  country. 

1868.  The  whole  number  of  paper  mills  in  the 
different  countries  composing  the  German  empire 
was  computed  at  242  by  the  Leipzig  Correspondent, 
and  their  annual  production  about  80,000  tons.  See 
p.  230. 

1868.  The  mannufacture  of  fine  paper,  for  writing 
and  printing,  was  commenced  near  Melbourne,  Aus- 
tralia, on  the  bank  of  the  Yatra,  The  colony  had 
previously  been  supplied  from  Europe  and  the  United 
States. 

j  868.  Aug.    1.    It  was  announced  that  A.  C. 
Mellier,  whose  patent  for  making  paper  from  straw 
18 


206         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


and  wood  had  caused  much  litigation  among  various 
manufacturers  throughout  the  country,  had  procured 
its  extension  for  seventeen  years. 

1868.  Nov.  17.  The  paper  mill  at  Chatham  Four 
Corners,  owned  by  Smith,  Tompkins  &  Co.,  was 
burned. 

1869.  Jan.  21.  The  paper  mill  of  Mosher,  Haight 
&  Co.,  at  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
Loss  $40,000  ;  insured  $7,000. 

1869.  Feb.  27.  A  paper  mill  at  Tyringham, 
Mass.,  leased  and  occupied  by  Watkins,  Cassidy  & 
Brother,  was  burnt.    Loss  $25,000 ;  insured  $  1 2,000. 

1869.  March  4.  The  Pioneer  paper  mill  at  Balls- 
ton,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  Loss  estimated  at  $160,000. 
It  was  one  of  the  largest  in  the  state. 

1869.  March  4.  Carpenter's  paper  mill  at  Milton, 
Saratoga  county,  was  burnt.  Loss  $50,000  ;  insured 
for  $20,000. 

1869.  Lucius  Clarke,  paper  manufacturer  at  North- 
ampton, Mass.,  died.  The  entire  firm,  father  and 
two  sons,  had  died  within  a  year. 

1869.  March  20.  The  Cascade  paper  mills,  near 
Clyde,  N.  Y.,  were  burnt.  Loss  over  $joo,ooo  ;  in- 
surance $47,000.    The  company  failed  in  July. 

1869.  March  22.  The  Waban  mills  at  Needham, 
Mass.,  which  manufactured  sheathing  paper,  were 
destroyed  by  fire.    Loss  $25,000;  insured  $20,000. 

1869.  To  the  various  paper  productions  of  this 
paper  age  —  paper  collars,  paper  shirts,  and  even  paper 
waistcoats,  bonnets  and  hats  —  was  now  added  paper 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  207 

coffins.  M.  Szelelmey,  their  inventor,  seemed  to  have 
a  belief  in  the  universal  adaptability  of  paper  to  all  the 
needs  of  civilized  life.  He  undertook  to  coat  ships 
with  it,  and  make  them  impervious  to  shot ;  he  em- 
ployed it  in  the  manufacture  or  construction  of  rocket 
cases,  powder  canisters,  railway  carriages,  drain  pipes 
and  party  walls.  He  claimed  that  it  was  at  once 
lighter,  stronger,  harder  and  cheaper  than  any  other 
material  hitherto  in  use  for  these  purposes,  not  except- 
ing iron  and  steel  and  stone.  His  object  in  introduc- 
ing it  in  the  manufacture  of  coffins  was  to  obtain  what 
so  many  people  rather  absurdly  consider  a  desidera- 
tum —  a  perfectly  air-tight,  water-proof  and  damp- 
defying  shell,  which  nothing  from  without  can 
penetrate,  and  nothing  from  within  can  escape.  The 
Zopissa  paper  coffin,  in  which  these  conditions  were 
said  to  be  fulfilled,  was  a  solid  looking  structure,  very 
much  resembling  in  build  and  thickness  the  ancient 
mummy  cases  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

1869.  May.  The  boiler  of  the  paper  mill  of  W.  B« 
Mullin  &  Sons,  at  Mount  Holly  Springs,  Pa.,  bursted. 
Damage,  two  men  fatally  injured,  and  loss  $5,000. 

1869.  June  8.  A  paper  mill  was  burned  at  Barry- 
town,  N.  Y. 

1 869.  The  reed  cane  of  the  Carolinas  was  subjected 
to  the  explosive  force  of  steam,  and  then  converted  into 
a  long  fibre,  which  being  cleansed  by  the  application  of 
cold  water,  presented  a  valuable  article  of  commerce, 
which  could  be  baled  like  cotton.  It  was  sold  in  that 
form  in  the  Eastern  states  at  $20  per  ton,  to  be  made 


1 


•2o8         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


up  into  wall  paper,  and  to  be  mixed  with  manilla  for 
wrapping  paper ;  also  for  mixture  with  wool  to  make 
roofing-felt,  and  various  other  manufactures. 

1869.  The  largest  mill  for  the  manufacture  of 
writing  paper  was  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  which  turned 
out  five  tons  of  paper  daily.  The  engine  room  was 
208X54  feet  and  contained  18  engines. 

1869.  June  8.  James  A.  Weed's  paper  mill,  at 
Port  Dickinson,  Broome  county,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt. 
Loss  about  $15,000  ;  insured  $13,000. 

1869.  In  the  town  of  Chatham,  Columbia  county, 
N.  Y.,  7,500  tons  of  rye  straw  were  consumed  in  the 
manufacture  of  paper,  yielding  about  1,200,000  reams 
of  various  sizes.  In  the  neighboring  towns  of  Kinder- 
hook  and  Stockport  were  numerous  mills  also  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  straw  paper  for  wrapping,  and 
the  price  of  straw  had  increased  to  $20  per  ton. 

1869.  June  21.  Beach  &  Co.'s  steam  paper  mill 
at  Sandy  Hill,  was  burned.  Loss  $20,000  \  mostly 
insured. 

1869.  July  7.  The  paper  mill  of  Noonan  & 
McNab,  at  Humboldt,  Wis.,  was  burnt. 

1869.  Sept.  3.  The  paper  mill  of  George  Benton  & 
Son,  at  Bennington,  Vt.,  was  burned.  Loss  $40,000  ; 
only  partially  insured. 

1869.  Sept.  14.  J.  H.  Herrin's  paper  mill,  at 
Warner,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  Loss  $14,000  ;  insured 
for  $10,000. 

1869.  Sept.  13.  The  paper  mill  of  John  Carroll, 
at  Mill  river,  Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  was  burnt. 
Loss  $60,000,  uninsured. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  2og 

1869.  The  Advertiser,  published  at  Portland,  Maine, 
was  printed  on  paper  made  of  Zisania  aquatica,  or  water 
rice.  It  grew  in  great  quantity  in  the  north-west,  it 
was  said  ;  and  a  great  reduction  in  the  price  of  paper 
was  predicted  to  result  from  the  use  of  it. 

1869.  Oct.  22.  Crane's  paper  mill  at  Dalton  was 
burnt.    Loss  stated  at  $60,000. 

1869.  A  Buffalo  manufacturer  claimed  to  be  able 
to  make  better,  tougher,  and  cheaper  wrapping  paper 
from  wire  grass,  than  from  any  other  article  in  use. 
He  procured  it  from  Michigan  at  $30  a  ton. 

1869.  Nov.  15.  The  steam  boiler  in  the  paper 
mill  of  Storms  &  Corsa,  at  Catskill  exploded,  and  was 
thrown  three  hundred  feet  over  the  tops  of  the  ice 
houses,  and  landed  in  the  creek.  The  damage  was 
estimated  at  $15,000. 

1869.  The  rage  for  newspaper  selling  in  London 
became  so  great  that  the  girls  took  up  the  calling,  and 
adopted  a  new  device  to  attract  attention,  namely,  the 
wearing  of  paper  aprons,  on  which  the  names  and  con- 
tents of  the  papers  they  dealt  in  were  conspicuously 
printed.  The  first  female  that  had  to  go  abroad  for 
a  living  is  said  to  have  worn  an  apron  of  fig  leaves, 
the  latest  resorted  to  the  produce  of  straw  ! 

1869.  The  English  cultivated  paper  grass,  a  ton  of 
which  made  a  half  ton  of  tough  and  durable  paper, 
scarcely  inferior  to  that  made  of  rags,  it  was  claimed. 

1869.  Experiments  were  made  in  California  with 
tule,  a  product  of  the  swamp  land,  which  was  said  to 
give  a  good  quality  of  white  paper.    There  were  at 


2io         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


this  time  two  paper  mills  in  California,  but  it  was 
complained  that  they  found  it  more  profitable  to  make 
wrapping  than  printing  paper. 

1869.  The  importations  of  paper  into  France  were 
414,457  kilograms  ;  of  rags,  4,507,585  kils.  The 
exports  were  4,739,269  kils.  of  paper,  and  2,549,511 
kils.  of  rags.  There  was  a  tendency  to  a  decrease  of 
exports  and  an  increase  of  imports  compared  with  the 
two  preceding  years. 

1869.  Dr.  Matthiessen,  of  England,  presented  an 
improvement  which  consisted  of  submitting  disinte- 
grated wood,  as  saw-dust  and  shavings,  to  a  rotting 
process,  by  steeping  in  running  or  stagnant  water,  by 
which  process  certain  constituents  of  the  wood  were 
decomposed  and  removed,  and  the  subsequent  treat- 
ment of  the  residual  ligneous  fibre  for  the  production 
of  pulp  was  rendered  more  economical,  and  the  pro- 
cess of  boiling  and  bleaching  more  easily  effected. 

1869.  It  was  discovered  that  paper  could  be  made 
transparent  for  the  purpose  of  tracing  by  dampening  it 
with  benzine  ;  and  that  the  paper  would  resume  its 
opacity  on  the  evaporation  of  the  benzine  —  thus  ena- 
bling the  use  of  thicker  paper  than  when  prepared  by 
other  processes. 

1 869.  Machinery  was  invented  for  crushing  bamboo, 
to  fit  it  for  shipment  from  the  West  India  islands,  to 
be  used  for  paper  stock.  The  difficulty  of  procuring 
the  canes  of  the  Southern  states  during  the  war  of  the 
rebellion,  forced  a  search  for  similar  material  farther 
south,  and  it  was  largely  exported  from  Jamaica  to 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  211 

New  York,  in  bales  and  bundles.  The  bulk  of  the 
article,  however,  stood  much  in  the  way  of  shipment. 
The  hold  of  a  vessel  was  soon  filled  with  it,  and 
shippers  did  not  care  to  take  it  as  freight,  any  vessel 
so  laden  becoming  top  heavy.  To  prevent  this,  the 
vessel  had  first  to  be  stowed  with  heavy  articles,  and 
the  remaining  space  filled  with  bamboo.  To  obviate 
all  difficulty,  mill  rollers  were  introduced  to  crush  the 
bamboo,  and  by  screw  pressing,  to  pack  it  in  bales,  as 
was  done  with  espartero  and  other  bulky  fibres. 

1869.  A  French  technical  paper  stated  that  any 
alterations  or  fabrications  of  writings  in  ordinary  ink 
may  be  rendered  impossible  by  passing  the  paper 
through  a  solution  of  one  milligram  of  gallic  acid  in 
as  much  pure  distilled  water  as  would  fill  an  ordinary 
soup  plate.  After  the  paper  thus  prepared  has  become 
throughly  dry,  it  may  be  used  as  ordinary  paper  for 
writing,  but  any  attempt  to  alter,  falsify,  or  change 
anything  written  thereon  will  be  left  perfectly  visible, 
and  may  be  readily  detected. 

1869.  Among  the  fibres  of  Southern  India  to  which 
attention  was  called  for  use  in  paper  and  rope  making, 
were  the  Tchuma  ( Urtica  nived)  of  Assam,  and  ramee 
(JJrtica  tenacissimd)  of  Malay,  identical  with  the  ramie 
cultivated  in  the  Southern  states,  brought  originally 
from  Java.  The  rheea,  from  China,  a  strong  and 
lustrous  fibre,  but  costly.  The  jettee,  moorva,  and 
pine-apple  of  India ;  also  the  Pederia  foetida,  and 
Bromelia  penguin,  the  latter  furnishing  the  surprisingly 
beautiful  Manilla  handkerchief  as  well  as  the  cele- 


212         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


brated  pigna  cloth,  and  sometimes  called  silk  grass. — 
Annual  of  Scientific  Discovery,  1870,  p.  98. 

1870.  Feb.  20.  The  Royal  River  paper  mill  at 
Yarmouth,  Maine,  occupied  by  Brown  &  Denison, 
was  destroyed  by  fire,  with  all  the  machinery  and 
stock.  There  was  an  insurance  on  the  building  and 
machinery. 

1870.  Among  the  sensations  produced  at  this  time 
by  paper  products,  was  that  of  petticoats,  at  15  cents 
a  piece. 

1870.  A  French  inventor  claimed  that  he  could  so 
cleanse  printed  paper  as  to  make  it  suitable  for  receiv- 
ing a  fresh  impression.  He  stated  that  by  immersing 
the  printed  sheet  in  a  slight  alkaline  solution  the  ink 
would  disappear,  and  leave  the  sheet  of  a  pure  and 
spotless  white.  This  was  thought  to  be  bad  for  the 
trunk  makers  ! 

1870.  March  27.  The  mills  of  the  Hampden  Paper 
Company  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  were  destroyed  by  fire. 
Loss  estimated  at  $250,000  ;  insured  $200,000. 

1870.  Jefferson  Evarts,  of  Jefferson,  patented  a 
mode  of  preparing  pulp  for  the  manufacture  of  coffins  ; 
claiming  that  when  prepared  of  the  requisite  thickness, 
saturated  in  oil,  baked,  japanned,  and  polished,  it 
would  resist  acid,  and  become  imperishable. 

1869.  The  immense  proportions  of  the  paper  busi- 
ness may  be  judged  by  the  extent  of  the  importation 
of  rags  during  the  year,  which  amounted  at  New  York 
alone  to  104,661  bales,  valued  at  $2,149,202,  added 
to  which  the  home  production  must  have  been  very 
large. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  2 13 

1870.  April  6.  The  paper  makers  in  the  north  of 
England  held  a  meeting  at  Manchester,  and  agreed  to 
advance  the  price  of  all  kinds  of  paper  ten  per  cent, 
owing  to  the  dearness  of  rags. 

1870.  April  20.  The  paper  makers  of  the  United 
States  were  called  upon  to  meet  in  New  York  to  esta- 
blish a  union,  and  take  measures  to  prevent  overpro- 
duction, which,  it  was  alleged,  had  reduced  prices 
below  cost.  About  a  dozen  mills  only  were  repre- 
sented, and  it  was  resolved  to  call  a  general  meeting  of 
the  trade  to  be  held  on  the  20th  of  May. 

1870.  May  5.  Tenney's  bamboo  paper  mill  at 
Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  was  destroyed  by  fire,  with  all  the 
stock  and  machinery.  The  boiler  and  revolving  cyl- 
inder exploded,  throwing  fragments  in  every  direction. 
Loss  $100,000  ;  mostly  insured. 

1870.  The  consumption  of  esparto  had  risen  to 
100,000  tons  a  year,  yet  the  English  cheap  press  was 
seriously  annoyed  by  the  advances  in  the  price  of  paper, 
occasioned  by  the  scarcity  of  the  raw  material,  it  was 
said.  Low  priced  papers  advanced  a  farthing  a  pound, 
and  an  effort  was  made  to  force  the  price  up  to  a  half- 
penny advance.  The  price  of  esparto  had  increased 
in  price  from  &\  a  ton  to  £10. 

1870.  June.  The  paper  trade  in  Paris  was  so  ac- 
tive that  the  manufacturers  could  not  satisfy  all  de- 
mands, particularly  for  printing  paper,  the  consumption 
of  which  was  daily  increasing. 

1870.  July.  30.  The  Lisbon  paper  mill  at  Lisbon 
Plains,  burned,  involving  a  loss  of  $10,000,  partially 
insured. 


214         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1870.  July  5.  The  boiler  of  D.  A.  Bullard  &  Co.'s 
paper  mill  at  Schuylerville  exploded,  throwing  portions 
of  the  boiler  in  different  directions,  and  subjecting  the 
owners  to  a  loss  of  $8,000. 

1870.  July  9.  The  paper  mill  of  Beard  &  Crouse, 
at  Fayetteville,  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss 
$25,000,  of  which  $14,000  was  insured. 

1870.  A  paper  maker  in  Lancashire,  Eng.,  claimed 
to  have  succeeded  in  turning  to  profitable  account 
particular  kinds  of  cotton  seed  as  a  material  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  best  kinds  of  paper.  It  was  sup- 
posed that  the  material  could  be  procured  in  quantities 
sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  all  the  paper  mills  in 
the  country  ;  also  to  produce  a  fibre  of  the  finest 
quality,  at  a  price  that  would  bring  it  into  lively  com- 
petition with  esparto  grass.  Of  all  the  substances 
hitherto  suggested  as  a  substitute  for  rags,  the  best 
practical  judges  were  said  to  regard  this  as  the  most 
desirable  \  and  as  it  required  but  little  alteration  in 
the  ordinary  machinery  of  paper  mills,  it  was  hoped 
that  it  would  in  a  great  measure  overcome  the  diffi- 
culty of  the  river  pollution  caused  by  esparto. 

1870.  The  paper  mill  at  Quincy,  111.,  belonging  to 
H.  A.  Geis,  was  burnt  Sept.  27,  with  a  large  stock  of 
paper  and  valuable  machinery.  Loss  estimated  at 
$60,000,  on  which  there  was  an  insurance  of  only 
$7,000. 

1870.  There  were  156  paper  mills  in  Holland. 
1870.  The  American  Wood  Paper  Company  at 
Manayunk,  in  Pennsylvania,  introduced  an  important 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  1 1 5 


improvement  into  their  works,  by  which  a  saving  of 
85  per  cent  of  the  waste  alkali  solutions  was  recovered. 
The  spent  liquor  was  conducted  from  the  pulp  boiler 
into  a  suitable  reservoir,  and  was  thence  pumped  up 
into  evaporating  furnaces. 

1870.  The  manufacture  of  paper  collars  in  Boston, 
had  reached  during  this  year,  75,000,000.    See  i860. 

1870.  The  annual  production  of  paper  in  France 
was  180  million  kilogrammes,  of  2  lbs.  3  oz.  avoirdu- 
pois each. 

1870.  The  Paper  Trade  Reporter,  Sept.  1,  1873, 
reported  669  mills  in  the  United  States,  producing 

$48,436>935- 

1870.  The  parliamentary  returns  gave  344  paper 
mills  in  Great  Britain,  and  456  machines  ;  namely  : 

England,  271  mills.     352  machines. 

Scotland,   53     "         77  " 

Ireland,     20     "         27  " 

344  456 
The  number  of  persons   employed  was  14,547 
males,  13,503  females  ;  total  28,050. 

1870.  June.  An  injunction  was  obtained  by  the 
American  Wood  Paper  Company  against  the  Glen's 
Falls  Paper  Company,  restraining  them  from  boiling 
paper  stuff*  at  a  certain  pressure. 

1870.  Sponge  paper,  a  French  novelty,  is  said  to 
have  all  the  peculiarities  of  sponge,  absorbing  water 
readily,  and  remaining  moist  a  long  time.  It  has  been 
used  as  a  dressing  for  wounds  with  considerable  advan- 


21 6         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


tage.  For  its  fabrication  evenly  and  finely  divided 
sponge  is  added  to  ordinary  paper  pulp,  and  this  is 
worked,  as  in  the  common  paper  making  apparatus, 
into  sheets  of  different  thickness. 

1870.  The  alarm  about  the  scarcity  of  paper  fibre 
had  now  subsided,  one  would  suppose,  since  in  addi- 
tion to  the  multitude  of  substances  brought  into  use, 
fishes  were  introduced,  and  found  to  produce  a  pulp, 
which  where  twenty  per  cent  of  it  was  employed,  the 
paper  could  be  distinguished  from  the  ordinary  article 
only  by  its  being  stronger  and  tougher  !  The  fish 
was  divested  of  its  skin  and  bones  and  placed  in  a 
diluted  solution  of  bichloride  of  mercury  and  alum 
until  the  fibres  separated. 

1870.  There  had  been  a  scarcity  of  water  during 
the  last  six  months  of  this  year  that  proved  disastrous 
to  a  great  many  mills  throughout  the  country.  It 
was  stated  that  some  mills  had  not  made  twenty  tons 
of  paper  in  all  this  time.  Nevertheless,  there  was 
no  lack  of  paper  in  the  market,  and  prices  remained 
unchanged  —  superfine  book  papers  ruling  at  20  to 
24  cents,  and  fine  book  at  16  to  17  cents.  The 
newspapers  were  mostly  supplied  with  straw  paper  at 
12  to  12J  cents. 

1870.  The  Mobile  Register  was  printed  on  paper 
made  from  the  okra  plant. 

1870.  The  war  in  France  stopped  the  export  of 
fancy  paper  and  envelopes,  the  consumption  of  which 
in  this  country  was  much  larger  this  year  than  had 
been  known  for  many  years,  and  prices  advanced 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making*  217 

about  ten  per  cent.  The  French  fancy  papers  were 
almost  the  only  thing  imported  that  were  not  success 
fully  imitated  by  manufacturers  here.  After  one  or 
two  attempts  to  get  up  a  really  good  imitation  of  snow 
flake  and  frosted  papers,  it  was  abandoned  and  the 
French  had  control  of  that  branch  of  the  market. 

1 87 1.  John  Robertson  recovered  $290  damages 
of  Oliver  Woodworth,  at  the  superior  court,  at  New 
London,  Conn.,  for  raising  his  dam  by  flash  boards, 
and  overflowing  the  plaintifFs  water  wheel. 

1 87 1.  The  long  drouth  of  more  than  six  months 
was  partially  relieved  by  rains  and  mild  weather  during 
the  whole  month  of  January  ;  still  the  suffering  was 
very  serious  among  manufacturers  on  slender  and  pre- 
carious streams. 

1 87 1.  The  Printer's  Circular  gave  the  following 
statistics  of  paper  mills.  Similar  statements  are  made, 
and  seldom  agree  one  with  another.  Great  Britain, 
408  :  France,  276  ;  Germany,  243  ;  Austria,  78  ; 
Russia,  40;  Italy,  30  Belgium,  26;  Spain,  17; 
Switzerland,  14;  Sweden,  8  ;  Turkey,  1.  The  an- 
nual production  of  paper  in  Europe  8,956,000  cwt., 
valued  at  £1 5,004,400. 

1 87 1.  March  23.  Howard  &  Son's  Paper  Mill  at 
Allegany  City,  was  destroyed  by  fire  \  loss  $100,000, 
insured  $25,000. 

1 87 1.  A  party  of  Japanese  on  a  visit  to  Niagara 


1  To  show  the  unreliability  of  these  statements,  it  was  claimed  in 
1 874  that  Italy  had  536  paper  mills,  manufacturing  paper  to  the  amount 
of  40,040,000  rancs. 


2 1 8         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

Falls,  visited  the  paper  mill  there,  and  expressed  their 
intention  of  taking  the  machinery  for  a  manufactory 
home  with  them  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  the 
market  there,  as  each  family  made  its  own  paper. 

1 87 1.  April.  Superfine  book  paper  sold  in  Cin- 
cinnati and  Chicago  at  from  16  to  18  cts.  a  pound, 
while  in  the  eastern  markets  it  ranged  at  from  20  to 
24  cts. 

1 87 1.  It  was  stated  in  the  Paper  Trade  Reporter, 
that  straw  board,  saturated  with  tar,  was  used  exten- 
sively in  the  west  for  lining  houses,  and  was  effective 
in  keeping  out  moisture  as  well  as  the  cold  blasts  of 
winter  ;  and  that  the  Rock  River  Paper  Company 
turned  out  five  tons  a  day  for  the  purpose  without 
being  able  to  supply  the  demand. 

187 1.  March  20.  The  mill  at  Newbern,  N.  C, 
was  burned.  Loss  stated  at  $30,000,  with  no  in- 
surance. 

187 1.  March.  The  upper  mill  of  Crocker,  Bur- 
bank  &  Co.,  at  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  was  burnt.  The 
loss  $11,300  was  covered  by  insurance. 

187 1.  April  17.  One  hundred  and  sixteen  tons 
of  straw,  belonging  to  Hodgman  &  Palser,  was  burnt 
at  their  mill  at  Fort  Edward,  New  York  ;  value  $3, 
200  ;  insured  $2000. 

187 1.  April.  The  paper  mill  of  Messrs.  Bingham 
&  Co.,  situated  at  Leesville,  Conn.,  was  burned. 

1 87 1.  There  were  24  paper  mills  in  Lee,  Mass., 
producing  50,000  pounds  of  paper  a  day.  See  1851, 
p.  no. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  219 

1 87 1.  It  was  asserted  in  the  Paper  Trade  Reporter, 
of  May,  that  while  the  ordinary  speed  of  the  Fourdri- 
nier  machine  was  from  60  to  80  feet  per  minute  on 
printing  paper,  there  was  one  machine  running  at  the 
rate  of  175  feet  per  minute,  producing  25  tons  of 
paper  weekly. 

1 87 1 .  May  25.  The  collar  paper  factory,  operated 
by  Mann  &  Laflin,  at  Factory  Village,  near  Ballston, 
N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  mill  was  owned 
by  Chauncey  Cook,  whose  loss  was  $15,000,  about 
half  insured.  The  stock  was  of  about  equal  value, 
insured  for  $6,000.  The  origin  of  the  fire  was  un- 
known. 

1 87 1.  The  editor  of  the  Paper  Trade  Reporter  as- 
serted that  there  were  nearly  1,300  paper  mills  in  the 
United  States.  The  number  reported  in  1853,  was 
1,700.  Perhaps  neither  estimate  was  made  from  suf- 
ficient investigation. 

1871.  The  Augustine  Mill  of  Jessup  &  Moore, 
situated  near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  and  constructed 
of  stone  and  iron,  at  a  cost  of  $500,000,  was  pro- 
nounced  the  king  mill  of  the  world. 

1 87 1.  Nearly  all  envelope  papers,  and  buff  papers 
generally  were  at  this  time  made  of  wood  pulp. 

1 87 1.  The  product  of  straw  paper  in  the  United 
States  was  estimated  at  100  tons  a  day.  Straw  was 
scarce  and  high  in  price  in  the  Eastern  states,  $25  a 
ton,  while  it  could  be  procured  in  the  Western  states 
at  from  $1  to  $4  a  ton  Straw  news  was  worth  in 
New  York  12  cts.  a  pound,  and  wrapping  \\  to  5 
cents. 


220         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1 87 1.  June  6.  W.  L.  Alstyne's  paper  mill,  at 
Fulton,  Oswego  county,  was  burnt. 

1 87 1.  A  Baltimore  (Md.)  firm  was  engaged  in 
manufacturing  paper  by  a  new  pulping  process  re- 
cently devised  in  Prussia.  The  invention  consisted  in 
exposing  the  new  material,  such  as  straw,  corn  leaves, 
etc.,  to  the  action  of  a  weak  alkaline  solution,  under 
super  atmospheric  pressure,  and  at  a  temperature  not 
exceeding  2 1 28,  (sic)  in  such  a  manner  that,  by  the  com- 
bined action  of  the  presure  and  the  heat,  the  fibrous 
material  is  split  and  disintegrated  without  destroying 
the  fibres,  as  in  the  case  of  other  methods,  where 
strong  alkaline  solutions  and  high  temperatures  were 
used. 

1 87 1.  The  mills  of  the  Smith  Paper  Co.  located 
at  Lee,  Mass.,  produced  14  tons  of  paper  daily. 

1 87 1.  July  10.  The  Unconoonuc  mill  at  Gaffs- 
town  Centre,  N.  H.,  owned  by  P.  C.  Cheeney  &  Co. 
was  destroyed  by  fire.  Loss  about  $40,000  ;  insured 
for  $25,000. 

1871.  July  14.  The  rotary  bleacher  of  the  How- 
land  mill  at  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  exploded,  demolishing 
the  mill,  and  occasioning  a  loss  of  $15,000. 

1 87 1.  July  23.  A  paper  mill  belonging  to  May  & 
Rogers  was  burned  at  Lee,  Mass.,  resulting  in  a  loss 
of  $15,000.  It  was  an  old  mill,  but  had  about  20 
tons  of  paper  and  stock,  which  were  burnt. 

1 87 1.  July  30.  The  Ontario  Paper  Mills,  at 
Phelps,  N.  Y.  owned  and  managed  by  Geo.  W.  West, 
were  entirely  destroyed  by  fire,  with  all  the  machinery 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  221 

and  stock.  Loss  estimated  at  $21,500,  with  a  light 
insurance. 

1 87 1.  It  was  stated  that  a  set  of  paper  car-wheels 
in  New  Jersey  had  run  over  100,000  miles,  and  en- 
tirely worn  out  a  set  of  steel  tires.  The  ordinary 
wheels  will  run  60,000  miles  only. 

1 87 1.  The  paper  mill  at  Glen's  Falls  was  burnt. 
The  machinery  was  saved.    Loss  $15,000. 

187 1 .  Lloyd,  who  published  the  Weekly  News  in 
London,  built  a  paper  mill  to  supply  his  establishment. 
He  was  reputed  to  own  180,000  acres  of  land  in 
Algeria,  on  which  he  procured  the  esparto  grass  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  his  paper,  which  was  brought 
over  from  Africa  in  his  own  ships,  and  landed  at  his 
factory  door  on  the  Medway.    (Printers'  Reg.,  231.) 

1871.  Sept  17.  A  fire  at  Comstock's  wharf,  Mont- 
ville,  Conn.,  burned  a  large  quantity  of  paper  stock, 
belonging  to  different  owners,  and  was  valued  at 
$14,500. 

1 87 1.  A  mill  at  Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  manufac- 
tured pulp  exclusively  from  poplar,  the  demand  for 
which  had  increased  to  such  an  extent,  that  it  was 
difficult  to  supply  it.  The  wood  was  delivered  at  the 
mill  in  sled  lengths,  where  it  was  sawed  into  sticks 
13  inches  long,  stripped  of  its  bark,  split  fine,  and 
subjected  to  a  hydraulic  pressure  sufficient  to  reduce 
it  to  the  required  firmness,  from  which  it  came  out 
white  and  clean,  but  in  a  thick,  brittle  state,  unfit  for 
paper  until  combined  with  other  stock.  In  this  state 
it  was  sold  to  manufacturers,  who  mixed  rags  or  other 
19 


222         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


material  with  it  to  suit  the  desired  grade  of  paper. 
The  mill  produced  from  five  to  seven  tons  daily. 

1 87 1.  It  was  stated  that  there  were  1,200  paper 
mills  in  the  United  States. 

1 87 1.  The  government  received  one  hundred 
samples  of  paper  from  Japan,  mostly  what  is  termed 
rice  paper  ;  which  were  deposited  in  the  patent  office 
at  Washington. 

187 1.  Oct.  30.  The  paper  mills  of  Freeman  & 
Barnett,  near  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  were  burnt.  Loss 
$35,000  ;  insurance  light. 

187 1 .  Oct.  3.  F.  S.  Parker  died  at  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  aged  73.  He  was  the  senior  partner  of  F. 
S.  &  J.  Parker. 

1 87 1.  An  architect  at  Neustadt,  Germany,  by  the 
name  of  Hausel,  by  force  of  necessity,  made  the  ex- 
periment of  using  ordinary  writing  paper  saturated 
with  petroleum  by  means  of  a  brush,  for  tracing 
paper,  with  perfect  success. —  Paper  Trade  Reporter^ 
Nov.  1871. 

1 87 1.  Sept.  21.  A  meeting  of  manilla  paper  manu- 
facturers was  held  at  Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  and  adopted 
articles  of  association  for  the  purpose  of  advancing 
prices,  and  governing  the  supply  of  paper. 

1 87 1.  Nov.  5.  The  mills  of  the  Stewart  Paper 
Company  at  Brookville,  Indiana,  were  destroyed  by 
fire  yesterday.     Loss  about  $75,000  ;  insured  $25,000. 

187  1.  Nov  10.  The  paper  mill  of  W.  W.  Smith? 
at  Seymour,  Ct.,  was  burnt.    Loss  $30,000. 

1872.  June  14.     The  paper  mill   at  Ypsilanti, 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  223 

Mich.,  owned  by  Cornwell  &  Co.,  was  burnt.  Loss 
$100,000,  on  which  was  an  insurance  of  $25,000. 

1872.  April  30.  Carey,  Nash  &  Ogden's  paper 
mill  at  Port  Dickinson,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  Loss 
$21,000,  insured  $11,900. 

1872.  Experiments  were  successfully  made  by 
Stephen  D.  Baldwin,  in  California  with  the  tules,  or 
reed-like  vegetation  growing  on  swamp  lands,  the 
scirpus  lacustrae  of  botanists,  which  was  found  tQ 
yield  from  fifty  to  sixty  per  cent  or  paper  pulp  :  that, 
is,  equal  to  cotton. 

1872.  April  17.  Hammond's  paper  mill  at  Middle- 
bury,  Vt.,  was  burnt,  at  a  loss  of  $40,000. 

1872.  It  was  stated  that  two  hundred  and  sixty- 
three  sorts  of  paper  were  manufactured  at  Yeddo  in 
Japan  ;  and  that  among  these  sorts,  were  some  appro- 
priated to  pocket  handkerchiefs,  sailors'  water-proof 
overcoats,  and  even  sauce  pans  used  over  charcoal  fires. 

1872.  April.  The  paper  mill  of  Mullin  &  Parker, 
at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  was  burnt,  involving  a  loss  of  $45,000. 
It  was  the  fifth  fire  that  had  occurred  since  the  mill 
was  first  built  in  1850,  by  Jacob  Zug. 

1872.  April  7.  John  H.  Taylor,  of  the  firm  of 
Taylor  &  Darrow,  died,  in  New  York  (?)'.  He  was 
for  many  years  engaged  in  the  paper  stock  business, 
and  was  one  of  the  first  to  systematize  that  depart- 
ment of  trade,  and  reduce  it  to  a  separate  and  exclu- 
sive branch. 

1872.  May  9.  The  paper  mill  of  Hodgeman  & 
Palser,  at  Sandy  Hill  was  destroyed  by  fire. 


224         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1872.  May  16.  The  paper  mill  of  C.  F.  Davis, 
at  Chatham,  Col.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt,  with  a 
large  quantity  of  paper  and  straw. 

1872.  May  21.  The  mill  at  Union  Deposit,  Pa., 
running  on  manilla  by  W.  S.  Corpman,  under  lease 
of  J.  H.  Ebersole,  was  burnt,  at  a  loss  of  $15,000, 
and  not  rebuilt. 

1872.  The  greatest  rival  of  France  in  the  manu- 
facture of  paper,  was  Germany  ;  and  during  the  in- 
vasion of  the  former  country,  the  French  paper  makers 
were  able  to  produce  only  small  quantities  of  paper, 
and  the  German  exports  were  greatly  increased  to 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Spain,  Belgium  and  Holland  ;  and 
it  was  even  exported  to  America,  India  and  Japan  in 
large  quantities. 

1872.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  the  United 
States  was  stated  in  Lockwood's  Directory  at  812,  valued 
at  $35,564,700  ;  producing  annually  $66,500,000, 
and  employing  22,000  persons. 

1872.  June  21.  The  paper  mill  of  Elijah  Smith, 
at  Moriches,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  Loss 
$75,000. 

1872.  June.  The  extensive  manilla  paper  works 
of  Wells,  Ramsey  &  Co.,  near  Rising  Sun,  Cecil 
county,  Maryland,  were  burnt.  Loss  $20,000.  The 
mill  had  been  built  only  four  months. 

1872.  A  paper  was  made  for  wrapping,  called  iron 
paper,  which  differed  from  other  wrapping,  in  having 
iron  filings  mixed  in  the  pulp  while  in  process  of 
manufacture,  to  give  it  weight.  It  was  denounced 
as  a  fraud. 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  225 

1872.  Epilobium,  or  fireweed,  was  looked  to  for 
paper  stock. 

1872.  July.  The  Winnipiseogee  paper  mill  at 
Franklin,  N.-  H.,  was  burnt.  Loss  $35,000,  insured 
for  $50,000. 

1872.  July  14.  Davis  &  Moore's  paper  mill  in 
Pepperell,  Mass.,  was  burned,  with  the  stock  and 
machinery.    Loss  $50,000  ;  insured  $45,000. 

1872.  July  19.  The  mill  of  J.  B.  Sheffield  at 
Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  was  burnt.  The  loss  was 
$300,000;  insured  for  $105,000.  It  was  a  very 
large  concern,  employing  150  workmen. 

1872.  July  19.  The  Albion  mill  at  Holyoke, 
Mass.,  was  ignited  by  the  friction  of  the  rag  machine, 
and  burnt  down  to  the  first  story.  Loss  $50,000  ; 
insured  for  $67,000. 

1872.  The  import  of  rags  into  the  United  States 
during  the  year  ending  June  3,  free  of  duty,  was  128, 
280,225  lbs.,  of  the  value  of  $4,890,045  ;  of  these 
about  one-half  were  imported  from  British  ports. — 
Paper  Trade  Journal. 

1872.  The  paper  mill  of  F.  Hendee  &  Co.  at 
Council  BlufFs,  Iowa,  was  burned  Aug.  30.  Loss 
$30,000,  half  insured. 

1872.  England  imported  paper  from  the  mill  of 
Prince  Bismarck  at  Varzin  in  Prussia  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  was  not  possible  to  meet  the  demand.  This 
paper  was  made  of  fir. 

1872.  Baker's  mill,  Blue  Store,  Columbia  county, 
N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  by  lightning.    Loss  $10,000. 


226         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 

1872.  June  12.  The  Middlebrook  paper  mill, 
near  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  was  burned.  Loss  $30,000, 
one-third  insured. 

1872.  The  paper  mills  of  Bismarck  at  Varzin  in 
Prussia,  menufactured  pasteboard  from  pine  wood, 
which  found  a  market  in  England.  These  mills 
wrought  up  600  cords  of  wood  per  annum,  but  the 
demand  being  greater  than  the  supply  new  works  were 
superadded,  adapted  to  the  consumption  of  five  cords 
a  day. 

1872.  Oct.  10.  The  Hillsdale  mill  at  Worthing- 
ton,  Iowa,  was  burnt.    Loss,  $25,000. 

T872.  The  first  news  paper  in  Nova  Scotia,  was 
made  at  Bedford. —  See  Paper  Trade  Journal,  Feb. 

1872.  The  imports  of  esparto  into  England  during 
this  year  exceeded  130,000  tons.  The  Times  was 
printed  on  paper  made  more  or  less  of  this  material, 
as  was  that  of  most  of  the  other  leading  journals,  pe- 
riodicals and  current  publications  generally.  The 
imports  of  paper  during  the  first  seven  months  of  this 
year  amounted  to  =£124,277  in  excess  of  those  of  the 
preceding  year  for  the  corresponding  months,  while 
the  value  of  the  exports  was  no  less  than  £  173, 130. 

1872.  Oct.  25.  Blauvelt  &  Gilmore's  mill  at  Lee, 
Mass.,  was  burned.    Insured  $20,000. 

1872.  The  paper  mill  of  Miller  &  Churchill  at 
Little  Falls  was  burnt  by  the  explosion  of  a  lamp. 

1872.  Dec.  7.  The  extensive  paper  mill  of  Carson 
&  Brown,  at  Dalton,  Mass.,  was  burned,  at  a  loss  of 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making,  227 

$125,000,  on  which  were  insurances  to  the  amount  of 
$82,500.  The  mill  was  manufacturing  2300  pounds 
of  paper  daily,  of  superior  quality.  Dec.  23.  The 
Quinnipiac  mill,  near  New  Haven,  was  burnt,  at  a 
loss  of  $15,000.  It  has  no  facilities  for  putting  out 
fires. 

1872.  Holyoke  was  the  great  manufacturing  mart 
of  fine  writing  paper,  producing  forty  tons  a  day, 
which  was  three-fourths  of  all  the  product  of  the 
country  at  this  time. 

1872.  Dec.  31.  John  Priestley  died.  See  Paper 
Trade  Journal,  Jan.  15,  1873.  He  was  tne  ^rst  t0 
make  a  fine  book  paper  from  straw. 

1872.  There  was  reported  to  be  in  operation  812 
paper  mills  in  the  United  States,  owned  by  705  firms, 
and  of  an  estimated  value  of  $35,000,000,  besides  an 
estimated  value  of  $43,500,000  of  working  capital. 
There  were  besides  39  new  mills  in  course  of  con- 
struction. These  812  mills,  it  was  stated,  employed 
13,420  men,  7,700  women,  and  922  children  \  whose 
aggregate  wages  were  computed  at  $10,000,000.  The 
product  of  these  mills  was  estimated  at  317,387  tons 
of  paper,  valued  at  $66,575,825.—  Paper  Trade  Re- 
porter,  Sept.  1,  1873,  P-  5* 

1873.  Jan-  J7-  Brown  &  Jukes's  paper  mill  at  Am- 
sterdam, N.  Y.,  was  burnt.    Loss  $20,000,  insured. 

1873.  There  were  350  paper  mills  in  Great  Britain, 
employing  nearly  30,000  persons,  and  producing  an- 
nually more  than  three  hundred  millions  pounds  of 
paper,  according  to  the  Post  Office  Directory. 


228         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1873.  Foreign  rags,  three -fourths  of  which  used  to 
come  from  Italy,  were  now  principally  imported  from 
England.  The  imports  of  rags  from  England  in  1872, 
were  45,750  bales  ;  from  Italy,  23,134  ;  from  the 
Levant,  11,149. 

1873.  There  being  no  paper  mill  in  Greece,  about 
12,000  tons  of  rags  were  exported  from  that  country, 
mainly  to  England  and  France. 

1873.  The  rise  of  bleach,  caustic  and  coals  in 
England  in  two  years,  was  equal  to  <£8  is.  %d.  a  ton, 
while  the  advance  in  the  price  of  paper  was  a  half  a 
penny  a  pound,  or  about  one-half  the  increased  ex- 
pense of  production. 

1873.  The  Dundee  Advertiser,  of  Scotland,  was 
printed  on  paper  made  wholly  of  jute,  and  to  encour- 
age the  manufacture,  the  publisher  offered  a  premium 
of  X50  to  encourage  an  improvement  in  the  quality. 

1873.  The  New  York  Commercial  Advertiser  says  that 
the  aggregate  annual  production  of  paper  is  1,060,000 
tons,  of  which  nearly  one-third,  or  317,387  tons,  is 
produced  in  the  United  States  ;  while  Germany  pro- 
duces 180,000  tons,  and  Great  Britain  exactly  the 
same  quantity  as  Germany,  the  French  product  being 
148,000  tons.  In  the  United  States  the  number  of 
paper  mills  has  increased  about  50  per  cent  since 
1850  —  the  present  number  being  812,  and  the  value 
of  their  average  annual  product  nearly  $67,000,000. 

1873.  A  paper  mill  directory  enumerated  812  mills 
in  the  country,  and  estimated  the  captal  invested  at 
$43,500,000.    These  mills  employed  22,042  work- 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  229 


men,  and  produced  in  the  previous  year  317,387  tons 
of  paper,  valued  at  $66,475,825. 

1 87 1 .  There  were  22  mills  in  Lee,  Mass.,  owned 
by  nine  firms,  turning  out  22  tons  of  paper  daily. 

1872.  The  losses  sustained  in  conflagrations  by 
paper  manufacturers  was  one  million  dollars,  during 
this  year. 

1873.  Juty  I0*  The  paper  mill  of  Cushman 
Brothers  at  North  Amherst,  Mass.,  was  burnt, 
involving  a  loss  of  $50,000,  less  $13,000  insured. 

1873.  ^he  quantity  of  rags  exported  from  the 
Turkish  ports  in  the  year  1872-3,  was  reported  at 
7,507,967  pounds  by  the  director  general  of  customs. 
—  Paper  Trade  Journal,  ill,  No.  61. 

1873.  ^n  August  of  this  year  there  were  forty-two 
mills  in  process  of  construction. 

1873.  Messrs.  Wm.  Chadwick  &  Son,  of  Pendle- 
ton, England,  were  manufacturing  paper  113  inches 
wide,  on  a  1.20  inch  machine.  The  widest  American 
machine  was  96  inches. 

1873.  The  Chilian  government  granted  to  a  manu- 
facturing firm  the  exclusive  right  to  make  paper  in 
that  country  for  news  and  wrapping,  and  laid  a  pro- 
hibitory duty  on  imports. 

1873.  The  PaPer  manufacturers  lost  by  fires  during 
this  year  $499,200,  divided  among  29  establishments. 
See  Paper  Trade  'Journal  Jan.  1,  1874. 

1874.  The  Italian  mills  were  nearly  all  in  charge  of 
foreign  workmen,  while  those  in  Russia  were  run  by 
English  hands,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  Germans 
who  had  recently  gone  there. 


230         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


1874.  The  Leipzig  Correspondent  computed  the 
number  of  paper  mills  in  the  states  composing  the 
German  empire  at  423,  a  gain  of  181  in  six  years  ;  and 
the  total  annual  product  of  paper  at  180,000  tons. 

1874.  Alexander  H.  Rice,  a  Boston  paper  dealer, 
stated  in  a  public  lecture,  that  the  quantity  of  paper 
consumed  in  Massachusetts  was  of  twelve  millions  of 
dollars  value,  and  that  about  three-fourths  of  all  the 
paper  used  in  the  United  States  was  produced  in 
Massachusetts. 


1874.  The  number  of  mills  in  the  different  countries 
in  which  machine-made  paper  was  produced,  and  the 
product  for  the  present  year  was  estimated  as  follows  : 


MILLS. 

CWTS. 

5,000 

...         I3O  ... 

1,440,000 

19  ... 

450,000 

8,000 

10,000 

5  ... 

72,000 

...    404  ... 

2,960,000 

...    423  ... 

3,600,000 

...    274  ... 

3,600,000 

144,000 

Italy,  

...     97  ... 

900,000 

270,000 

16  ... 

120,000 

...     66  ... 

670,000 

...     30  ... 

20,000 

...      17  ... 

260,000 

...    467  .. 

3,230,000 

1,982 

J7,8l9,000 

Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  23 1 

1874.  Papyrus,  which  was  generally  supposed  to 
have  become  obsolete,  was  cultivated  as  a  rare  plant 
in  the  royal  gardens  at  Kew,  and  in  the  Royal  Society's 
garden,  London,  as  well  as  in  some  private  gardens 
in  England. 

1874.  A  canoe  was  constructed  of  paper  by  E. 
Waters  and  Son  of  Troy,  N.  Y.  It  was  14  feet  in 
length,  28  inches  in  width,  and  23  inches  in  greatest 
depth.  It  was  made  of  linen  paper,  one-sixth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness,  moulded  while  soft  upon  a  solid 
wood  form,  and  afterwards  highly  polished  and 
varnished.  It  was  designed  for  a  voyage  from  Albany 
to  the  gulf  of  Mexico.    Its  weight  was  58  lbs. 

1875.  Specimens  of  paper  were  exhibited  to  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  by  M.  Landrin,  made  from 
gombo,  a  plant  common  to  the  French  colonies,  and 
in  many  warm  countries. —  Paper  Trade  Journal^ 
April  15,  1875,  p.  9. 

1875.  The  stem  of  the  American  wild  rice,  zisania 
aquatica,  came  extensively  into  use  as  a  material  for 
paper  pulp.  It  was  said  that  100,000  tons  of  it  could 
be  obtained  annually  from  the  shores  of  the  Canadian 
lakes. —  Ibid,  p.  1 1. 

1875.  In  June,  there  was  found  to  be  895  mills 
in  operation  in  the  United  States,  owned  by  773  firms. 
There  were  at  the  same  time  nine  new  mills  in  pro- 
cess of  construction,  although  the  paper  business  was 
much  depressed. —  Paper  Trade  Journal,  iv,  No.  74. 

1876.  The  following  truly  figurative  paragraph  is 
given  by  way  of  corollary.    One  Carl  Engel  seems 


232         Chronology  of  the  Origin  and 


to  be  held  responsible  for  it.  See  Printers'  Circular, 
xi,  183. 

Of  the  1,300,000,000  human  beings  inhabiting  the 
globe,  360,000,000  have  no  paper  nor  writing  material 
of  any  kind  ;  500,000,000  of  the  Mongolian  race  use 
a  paper  made  from  the  stalks  and  leaves  of  plants  ; 
10,000,000  use  for  graphic  purposes  tablets  of  wood  ; 
130,000,000  —  the  Persians,  Hindoos,  Armenians 
and  Syrians  —  have  paper  made  from  cotton,  while 
the  remaining  300,000,000  use  the  ordinary  staple. 
The  annual  consumption  by  this  latter  number  is 
estimated  at  1,800,000,000  pounds,  an  average  of  six 
pounds  to  the  person,  which  has  increased  from  two 
and  a  half  pounds  during  the  last  fifty  years.  To 
produce  this  amount  of  paper,  200,000,000  pounds 
of  woolen  rags,  besides  great  quantities  of  linen  rags, 
straw,  wood,  and  other  materials,  are  yearly  consumed. 
The  paper  is  manufactured  in  3,960  paper  mills,  em- 
ploying 90,000  male  and  180,000  female  laborers. 
The  proportionate  amounts  of  the  different  kinds  of 
paper  are  stated  to  be  :  of  writing  paper,  300,000,000 
pounds  ;  of  printing  paper  900,000,000  pounds  ;  of 
wall  paper,  400,000,000,  and  200,000,000  pounds  of 
cartoons,  blotting  paper,  etc. 

1877.  The  fire  king  stalked  abroad  early  in  the 
year  among  the  paper  mills.  Hammond's  mill  at 
East  Pike,  N.  Y.,  producing  3500  lbs.  of  wrapping 
daily,  was  burned  March  25.  The  Augustine  mills 
near  Wilmington,  Delaware,  owned  by  Jessup  & 
Moore,  and  making  five  tons  of  book  paper  daily,  was 


Progress  of  Paper  and  Paper  Making.  233 

burned  April  4.  Pennypacker's  mill  at  Valley  Forge 
Pa.,  having  a  daily  capacity  of  1500  lbs.  of  envelope 
paper,  was  burnt  8th  April.  The  Eagle  mill  at  Suffield, 
Conn.,  running  on  writing  papers,  and  producing  800, 
lbs.  daily,  was  burnt  April  10.  The  Hudson  River 
Paper  and  Pulp  Co.'s  mill,  at  Palmer  Falls,  N.  Y., 
having  a  product  of  five  tons  of  newspaper  daily,  was 
burnt  on  the  nth  April.  , 

1877.  The  number  of  paper  mills  in  the  United 
States  was  reckoned  at  934,  and  the  number  of  firms 
at  795,  of  these  254  firms  and  327  mills  were  located 
in  the  Eastern  states  \  328  firms  and  360  mills  in  the 
Middle  states;  155  firms  and  179  mills  in  the 
Western  states ;  and  58  firms  and  68  mills  in  the 
Southern  states.  —  LockwoocTs  Directory  of  the  Paper 
Trade. 


Finale. —  The  collector  of  these  disjunctive  con- 
junctives proposes,  with  this  fifth  edition,  in  the  fifty- 
second  year  of  his  typographical  career,  to  let  the 
paper  manufacture  go  on  as  it  may,  without  any 
further  surveillance  of  his,  with  best  wishes  for  its 
prosperity  to  the  end  of  time. 


INDEX. 


Abacca  (manilla  hemp),  substitute 

for  rags,  20 1. 
Aberdeen,  Scotland,  129,  171. 
Acacia,  substitute  for  rags,  201. 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  156. 
Academy  of  Sciences,    79,  1165 

specimens  of  paper  in,  231. 
Adamantine  stone,  159. 
Adolphus,  count  of  Schaumburg, 

21. 

Advertiser,  Portland,  209. 
Africa,  2215  mills  in,  1874,  230. 
African  colonies,  169. 
Agave    of  Cuba,    substitute  for 

rags,  201. 
Agawam  paper  mill  burnt,  198. 
Aimes  S.,  his  mills  burnt,  90. 
Albany,    48,    231  j    paper  mill 

nearest  to,  1789,  50. 
Albany  Argus,  137. 
Albany  Institute,  50. 
Albany  Register,  50. 
Albumenizing,  paper,  1925  fluid, 

192. 

Alcoi,  mills  at,  55. 

Alexander,  15  5  of  Russia,  68  j 
the  Great,  6. 

Alexandria,  Egypt,  17,  155,  198. 

Alfa  fibre,  paper  from,  122,  183. 

Alga  marina,  for  paper,  38. 

Algeria,  168,  200,  221. 

Algiers,  119}  manufactory  estab- 
lished, 169. 

Alkali.  179. 

Alkalies,  use  of,  84,  90. 

Alkaline,  solution,  163,  1845 
treatment,  194. 

Allegany  City,  mill  at,  217. 

Allen,  Stephen  M.,  inventor, 
170,  1845  patentee,  182. 


Allen's  Biog.  Dictionary,  73. 
Allison,  Burgess,  58. 
Aloes,  leaves  of,  for  paper,  41. 
Alsace,    No.  of  mills  in  1802, 

58  j  exports,  59. 
Alstead,  N.  H.,  98. 
Alstyne,  W.  L.,  his  mill  burnt, 

220. 

Alum,  2165  used  for  sizing,  84. 
Alumina,  161. 
America,  224. 

American  aloe,  paper  prepared 
from,  9. 

American  Company  of  Book- 
sellers, gold  and  silver  medal 
offered  by,  60. 

American  Cyclopedia,  Appleton's, 
12. 

American  Fibre  Disintegrating 
Company's  works  burnt,205. 

American  wild  rice,  231. 

AmericanWood  Paper  Co.,  141, 
2145  obtain  an  injunction, 
215. 

Ames,  David,  died,  113. 
Ames,  D  &  J.,  127  5  mill,  78. 
Ames,  John,  75,  94;  inventor, 
99  j  patentee,  94,  101,  103. 
Amherst,  Mass.,  133. 
Amies,  Joseph,  95. 
Amies,  Thomas,  70. 
Ammonia,  162. 
Ammoniacal  compounds,  162. 
Ammoniate  of  alum,  180. 
Amos  &  Clarke,  patentees,  117. 
Amru,  Joseph,  18. 
Amsterdam,  N.  Y.,  227. 
Ancona,  155. 
Andalusia,  36. 
Anderson,  32. 


23  6 


Index. 


Andries,  S.  R  ,  142. 

Angouleme,France,3i,  695  manu- 
facturers obtain  prizes  atParis, 
62  5  product  of  mills  in,  49  5 
vellum  paper  first  produced  at, 
62. 

Angoumois,  France,  345  mills  at, 
5°- 

Angular  bed-plate,  190. 
Anhydrous  rosin-soap  for  sizing, 
179. 

Animal,  fibrine  for  paper,  161  5 

parchment,  165  5  substances 

for  paper,  84. 
Anne,  queen,  duty  established  in 

the  reign  of,  1705  her  impost, 

34- 

Annis,  George  W.,  patentee,  83. 
Annonay,  62,  69,  76. 
Annsville  paper  mill  burnt,  92. 
Annual  of  Scientific  Discovery, 

147,  212. 
Anthony,   Henry    F.,  inventor, 

192. 

Antisel,  Prof.,  inventor,  131. 
Aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  19. 
Aporentype,  84. 
Appleton's  Cyclopedia,  157. 
Aprons,  paper,  made  by  news  girls, 

209. 
Aqua  fortis,  168. 
Aquitaine,  23. 

Arabians,  carried  the  art  of  paper 
making  into  Spain,  10  5 
manufacture  of  paper  by  the, 

9- 

Aragon  and  Castile,  kings  of,  21. 
Armenians,  232. 
Arroche  for  paper,  41. 
Arundinaria  macro-sperma,  reed 

fibre  from  for  paper,  1 60. 
Abestos  for  paper,  133. 
Ashland,  mill  at,  167. 
Asia  Minor,  155. 
Asparagus,  ligaments  of,  for  paper, 

99- 

Aspen  for  paper,  41,  89. 
Astor  House,  New  York,  meeting 
of  paper  makers  at,  176. 


Atkinson,  Mr.,'6o. 

Auburn,  N.  Y.,  mill  near,   202  ; 

Paper  Co. 's  mill  burnt,  202. 
Augustine    mill,    2195  burned, 

232. 

Austria,  181  j  Dutch  workmen 
brought  into,  39  j  first  paper 
mill  in,  25;  mill  in,  179} 
No.  of  mills  in  1845,  iioj 
product,!  ioj  product  ini  851 , 
1215  No.  of  mills  in  1855, 
141  j  mills  in  1871,  217; 
mills  in,   1874,  230. 

Austrian,  1753  department 
London  International  Exhibi- 
tion, 1765  states  export 
rags,  106. 

Avignon,  meeting  of  straw  paper 
makers  at,  194,  195. 

Babylonian  bricks,  5. 
Baden,  Germany,  25,  in. 
Bage,  Robert,  57. 
Bagford,  John,  35. 
Bagging  for  paper,  93,  168. 
Baird,  Prentice  C,  his  mill  burnt, 
174. 

Baily,  William,  60. 
Baker's  mill  destroyed  by  lightning, 
225. 

Balcom,  Vespasian  O.,  patentee, 
148. 

Baldwin,  Stephen  D.,  223. 

Balilliat,  Pierre,  patentee,  80. 

Ballston  N.  Y.,  206;  mill  at, 
159  5  mill  in,  197. 

Ballston  Spa,  N.  Y.,  144,  171  ; 
mill  at,  149. 

Baltimore,  Md.,  129,  143,  160, 
173,2205  imports  in  1863, 
1875  manufacturers  petition 
for  tariff,  72. 

Baltimore  County  Advocate,  145. 

Baltimore  Co.,  Md.,  145. 

Bamboo,  inner  bark  of,  for  paper, 
7  j  Jamaica,  substitute  for 
rags,  201  5  machines  for 
crushing,  210  5  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi for  paper,  138  5 


Index. 


Bamboo,  paper  from,  148,  184  ; 
proces  ofspreparing,  185,189. 

Banana,  paper  from  leaves  of,  104. 

Bank,  note  paper,  116;  of  Eng- 
land, 1 16  5  notes,  152. 

Barabee,  W.,  143. 

Bardoux,  Lucien,  patentee,  195. 

Bark,  of  the  cotton  stalk  for  paper, 
146. 

Barks  of  trees  for  wrapping  paper, 
H3- 

Barley  straw,  for  paper,  41. 
Barne,  patentee,  173. 
Barratt,  Thomas,  patentee,  91. 
Barrels,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Barrett  &  Swann's  mill  burnt,  83, 
107. 

Barrett,  Ebenezer,  83. 
Barry,  Mr.,  prosecuted,  156. 
Barrytown,  N.   Y.,  mill  burned, 

207. 
Bartolus,  24. 

Basil,  canton  of,  mills  in,  59. 
Baskerville,  39. 
Basle,  in  Switzerland,  27. 
Basswood  for  paper,  45,  52,  136, 
188;  substitute  for  rags,  201. 
Bath  island,  160. 
Bavaria,  in. 

Bavarian  peat  for  paper,  41. 

Beach  &  Co.'s  mill  burned,  208. 

Beach,  Moses  Y.,  patentee,  82. 

Bealer,  William,  inventor,  188. 

Beard  &  Crouse's  mill  burned,  214. 

Beardsle,  George  W.,  1365  ex- 
perimenter, 142. 

Beardslee,  Mr.,  12. 

Bedford,  Mass.,  148. 

Bedford,  Nova  Scotia,  mill  at,  69. 

Beech  for  paper,  41. 

Beeswax  used  for  sizing  and  glaz- 
ing, 84. 

Beet  root,  paper  from,  99,  161  ; 

pasteboard  from,  149. 
Belfast,  Ireland,  147. 
Belgium,  132,  146,  2245  export 

duty  on  rags,  190  ;  export  of 

rags  prohibited,  1695  exports 

to  Denmark,  113; 


Belgium,  exports  to  the  Nether- 
lands, 1 13  ;  manufacture  in- 
troduced into,  34;  number  of 
manufacturers  in,  11 5;  imports 
and  exports  in  1849,  117; 
mills  in,  1871,217;  mills  in, 
1874,  230;  paper  exported  to 
the  seceded  states,  174. 

Bellamy,  William,  proposal  by,44. 

Belmont  Falls,  mill  at,  60. 

Belting  for  machinery,  paper  used 
for,  203. 

Benjamin,  Nathan,  mill  burnt,  62. 

Bennington,  Vt.,  mill  at,  208  ; 
rags  wanted  at,  48. 

Benton,  George  &  Son's  mill 
burned,  208. 

Benzine  for  tracing  paper,  270. 

Berkshire  Co.,  Mass.,  208. 

Berkshire,  Mass.,  consumption  of 
rags  in,  1868,  204. 

Berkshire  mill,  67. 

Berlin,  Prussia,  27  ;  first  machine 
in,  71. 

Bernadotte,  patentee,  84. 

Bern,  canton  of,  mills  in,  59. 

Bertholet,  68. 

Besancon,  France,  138. 

Bestow  &  Fairchild's  mill  burnt, 
176. 

Bible,    made  of  the  skin  of  a 

woman,  5. 
Bibliotheca  Americana,  50. 
Bidds,  Mr.,  52. 
Bigg,  John,  patentee,  52. 
Binder's  boards,  90. 
Bingham  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt,  218, 
Bingham,  Edward  B.,  150. 
Birmingham,  57. 
Bismarck,  Prince,  225. 
Black  river,  country,  63  ;  paper 

mill  burned,  197. 
Blake,  Edmond,  inventor,  98. 
Blake,  J.  S.,  patentee,  151. 
Blandel,  patentee,  173. 
Blank,  Ephraim  F.,  patentee,  90. 
Blank,  Thomas,  patentee,  90. 
Blauvelt  &  Gilmore's  mill  burned, 

226. 


Index. 


Bleach,  rise  in  price,  228. 
Bleaching  powders,  183. 
Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  172  j  mill  at, 
21 3. 

Blue  grass  for  paper,  81. 
Blue  Store,  N.  Y.,  225. 
Bodleian  collection,  19. 
Bodoni,  26. 
Bohemia,  149. 

Bohun,  Edmund,  Autobiography, 

Boilers,  improvement  in,  171. 
Bolls   of  the  sycamore  tree  for 

paper,  182. 
Bomeisler,  Louis,  patentee,  85. 
Bonnets,  paper  used  for,  203,  206. 
Bookseller,  171. 

Booksellers  and  Publishers  Union, 

159- 

Bordeaux,  23. 

Boston  Journal,  188. 

Boston,  Mass.,  96,  138,  1555 
paper  collars  in,  i860,  171  j 
imports  in  1863,  1875  manu- 
facture in,  215. 

Boulac,  near  Cairo,  123. 

Boxes,  for  paper  used  for,  203. 

Boxmoor,  60. 

Bracken,  or  fern  plant,  paper  from, 
137. 

Bradford,  William,  33,  34,  36. 
Bradley,  A.,  &  Sons,  mill  burnt, 
104. 

Bradley,  B.  B.,  his  mill  burnt,  140. 
Brand,  M.,  experimenter,  89. 
Brandywine,  72,  78  ;  mill  on,  70  5 

flood  on  the,  74. 
Bran,  paper  from,  141. 
Brard,  Cyprian  Prosper,  patentee, 

83- 

Brattleborough,  Vt.,  65,  91,  94, 

96;  mill  at,  154. 
Brazil,    imports,    1125  mills  in 

1874,  230. 
Brazilian  grass,  paper  from,  133. 
Breitkoff,  1. 

Bremen  exports  rags,  154. 
Brepols,  Sieur,    manufacturer  of 
colored  paper,  77. 


Bretagne,  France,  exports,  59. 

Brewer  and  Smith,  patentees,  121. 

Brewer,  Henry,  95. 

Bridgeport,  Pa.,  99. 

Brightman,  J.  W.,  patentee,  179. 

Brindly,  W.,  patentee,  116. 

Bristol,  N.  H.,  mill  at,  178. 

Britannia,  figure  of,  28. 

British-American  provinces,  paper 
mill  in,  69. 

British  museum,  19,  33,  35  j  man- 
uscript in,  175  Cottonian  li- 
brary of,  24  j  kingdom,  ex- 
cise duties  and  exports,  1859, 
164;  and  Foreign  Bible  So- 
ciety, 70. 

British  Merchant,  32. 

Brogniart,  M.,  lot;. 

Broich,  Holland,  33. 

Bromelia  penguin  for  paper,  211. 

Bronx  river,  N.  Y.,  mill  on,  75. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  150. 

Brookville,  Ind.,  mills  at,  222. 

Brooman,  R.  A.,  patentee,  110. 

Broom  corn  for  paper,  41. 

Brown,  Alexander,  patentee,  137. 

Brown  &  Denison's  mill  burned, 
212. 

Brown  &  Jukes's  mill  burnt,  227. 
Brown  &  Mcintosh,  inventors, 1 29. 
Brown,  James,  101 ;  patentee,  156. 
Brown  paper,  duty  on,  170. 
Brown,  Tower  &  Co.'s  mills  burnt, 
100. 

Brownsville,  Pa.,  mill  at,  53. 
Brueckman,  Dr.,  36. 
Bruges,  49. 
Brunswick,  27. 
Brush,  187. 
Brussells,  139. 

Buchanan,  C.  S.,  1825  patentee, 
171. 

Buchanan  &  Bullard's  boiler  ex- 
ploded, 190. 

Buchanan  &  Kilmer,  140. 

Buckets,  paper  used  for,  203. 

Buddington,  Mr.,  mill  of,  burnt, 
102. 

Buel,  David,  57. 


Index. 


239 


Buffalo  Express,  176. 

Bullard,  D.  A.,  &  Co.'s  boiler  ex- 
ploded, 214. 

Bull,  La  Grange,  106. 

Bulls  of  the  popes,  on  cotton  paper, 
18. 

Bunker  Hill  Aurora,  198. 

Burdock  for  paper,  41,  49. 

Burgess,  Hugh,  141. 

Burke,  Francis,  inventor,  147. 

Burneby,  Eustace,  32. 

Burton,  printer,  54. 

Butler,  Asa,  73. 

Butler,  Simeon,  73. 

Button,    board,   duty  on,     101  j 

paper,  duty  on,  101. 
Buttons,  paper  used  for,  203. 

Cabbage  stumps  for  paper,  41. 

Cacim  aben  Hegi,  20. 

Caen,  France,  68. 

Cairo,  123. 

Calcined  feldspar,  165. 

Calcium,  165. 

Calendering  rolls,  186. 

Calico  for  book  covers,  substitute 

for,  191. 
California,  No.  of  mills  in  1869, 

210. 

Cambridge,  England,  29. 

Camden,  Me.,  107  5  mill  at,  83. 

Camden,  N.  J.,  152. 

Camp,  E.,  his  mill  burnt,  104. 

Campbell,  Hall  &  Co.,  201. 

Campbell,  Mr.,  patentee,  51. 

Canada,  mills  in,  1874,  230. 

Canadian  lakes,  231. 

Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  71. 

Cane  of  the  southern  swamps  for 
paper,  173. 

Canes  from  the  Carolinas,  substi- 
tute for  rags,  201. 

Canoe  of  paper,  231. 

Canson  Brothers,  patentees,  79. 

Canson,  M.,  76,  79  ;  secret  im- 
provement, 78. 

Cape  Haytien,  127. 

Cappucius  Brothers,  79. 

Carbonated  alkali,  103. 


Carbonic  acid  gas,  147,  173. 
Carduus  nutans  for  paper,  58. 
Card-board,  188. 
Carew  Paper  Company,  198. 
Carey,    Nash    &    Ogden's  mill 

burned,  223. 
Carleton  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt,  102. 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  mill  at,  223. 
Carlowville,  Ala.,  151. 
Carpenter's  mill  burnt,  206. 
Carpets,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Carroll,  John,  his  mill  burned,  208. 
Carson  &  Brown's  mill  burned, 

226. 

Carson,  David,  53,  67  ;  died,  160. 
Carter's  paper  mill  burnt,  127. 
Cartridge  paper,  requisites  in,  47. 
Cartridges,  want  of  paper  for,  46. 
Carvil,  George,  patentee,  93. 
Car  wheels,  of  paper,  221. 
Cascade  paper  mill  burnt,  206. 
Case  of  the  paper  traders,  33. 
Casey,  Mr.,  60. 

Casiri,  21  j  on  the  invention  of 

paper,  18. 
Cassiodorus,  17. 
Caswell,  Gurdon,  65. 
Catskill,  mill  at,  54,  209. 
Cat-tail  for  paper,  188. 
CaufTman's    paper    mill  burned, 

126. 

Caustic  alkali,  163,  1655  lime, 
161  j  rise  in  price,  228  j  soda, 

*73i  lev>  139- 

Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  224. 

Chadbourne,  P.  A.,  patentee,  183. 

Chadwick,  Wm.,  &  Son,  manu- 
facturers, 229. 

Chamberlin,  Martin,  53. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  81,  88,  92. 

Chambers,  Messrs.,  117. 

Chamblee,  Canada,  142. 

Charles  I,  30. 

Charles  IX  of  France,  29. 

Charles  VIII,  27. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  158. 

Charlestown,  Mass.,  142. 

Charlotte,  Princess,  61. 

Charta  bombycine,  18. 


240 


Index. 


Chase,  Thomas  G.,  165. 
Chateaugay  river,  mill  on,  60. 
Chatham,  Col.  co.,  N.  Y.,  105, 

208  5  mill  at,  224. 
Chatham   Four  Corners,  mill  at, 

159,  206. 
Cheeney,    P.    C,  &  Co.'s  mill 

burned,  220. 
Chelsea  Manufacturing  Co.,  145. 
Chemical  acid,  181. 
Cheneyville,  Ct.,  mill  at,  burnt, 

203. 

Chester  co.,  Pa  ,  192. 

Chester  creek,  Pa.,  paper  mill  on, 

37,  127. 
Chester,  Ct.,  154. 
Chester  Valley  rail  road,  192. 
Chicago,  178,  218. 
Chiffonniers  of  Paris,  insurrection 

of,  94. 

Chili,  imports  from  Spain,  115. 

Chilian  government,  lay  prohibit- 
ory duty  on  imports,  229. 

Chinese,  hemp,  substitute  for  rags, 
201  5  nettle,  substitute  for 
rags,  201  ;  paper,  7,  155 
rice  paper,  8j  sugar  cane,  180. 

Chittenden,  George,  67. 

Chittenden,  G.,  &  Son's  mill  burnt, 
174. 

Chloride  of  lime,  147,  1515  used, 
181. 

Chlorine,    1833  discovered,   43  5 

in  bleaching,  193. 
Christian  III,  79. 
Christina  of  Sweden,  30. 
Church,  Henry  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 

107. 

Churchyard's  Spark  of  Friendship, 
29. 

Cigarettes,  paper  for,  169. 

Cincinnati,  175,  218. 

Cist,  Charles,  46. 

Claremont,  N.  H.,  151. 

Clark,  C.  &  O.,  their  paper  mill 

burnt,  144. 
Clark,  John,  &  Co.,  63. 
Clark,  John,  mill  burnt,  56. 
Clark,  Patrick,  patentee,  151. 


Clark,  Wm.,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 
166. 

Clark,  Wm.,  patentee,  146,  149. 
Clark,  William  N.,  patentee,  154. 
Clarke,  Lucius,  died,  206. 
Clavio,  Julio,  28. 
Claypoole,  James,  46. 
Clematite  for  paper,  41. 
Clemo,  Ebenezer,  patentee,  168. 
Cleveland,  Ohio,   179  j  mill  at, 

burned,  92. 
Clum,  abbot  of,  20. 
Clyde,  N.  Y.,  mill  near,  206. 
Coals,  rise  in  price,  228. 
Coal  tar,  146. 

Coating  writing  paper,  192. 
Cobbett,  83. 

Cobb,  Thomas,  patentee,  87. 
Coffins,  paper,  206. 
Cohoes,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  177. 
Collar  paper  factory  burned,  219. 
Collars,  paper,  203,  206. 
Colle,  in  Tuscany,  27. 
Collier,  Elisha  Hayden,  patentee, 
82. 

Collyer,  Dr.,  patentee,  161. 
Collyer,  R.  H.,  152. 
Colquohoun,  Dr.,  68. 
Coltsfoot  for  paper,  49. 
Columbia  co.,  N.  Y.,  208  5  first 

paper  mill,  54  5  mill  in,  67. 
Columbia  mill,  198. 
Columbus,  meeting  of  publishers 

in,  195. 
Combustible  cakes,  194. 
Comly,  J.  P.,  patentee,  130.  - 
Compoloro,  F.  De,  patentee,  164. 
Comstock's  wharf,  fire  at,  221. 
Conferva  for  paper,  41,  49. 
Conflagrations,  losses  by,  in  1872, 

229. 
Confucius,  15. 

Congress,  memorialized  not  to  re- 
duce duty,  75  ;  petitioned  for 
tariff,  72,  735  use  foreign 
paper,  725  prohibition  of,  865 
import  duty  on  rags  taken  off 
by,  179  j  duty  reduced  by  in 
1863,  1845 


Index. 


Congress  memorialized  against  a 
prohibitory  tariff,  195  ;  me- 
morialized for  a  removal  of 
duty  on  paper,  196. 

Conical  grinder,  164. 

Connecticut,  198  j  No.  of  mills 
in  18 10,  66  j  river,  77. 

Connecticut  Courant,  154. 

Constantinople,  27,  63  j  mill  at, 
123. 

Consumption  of  paper,  195  5  of 
ink,  paper,  etc., in  New  York, 
168. 

Continental  army,  45. 
Conversations  Lexikon,  22. 
Cook,  Chauncey,  219. 
Cooper,  John  W.,  patentee,  85. 
Cooperstown,  127. 
Corbeil,  27.  • 

Corn,  husks  for  paper,  83  5  stalks 

for  paper,  180. 
Cornwell  &  Co.'s   mill  burned, 

223. 

Corpman,  W.  S.,  224. 

Corser,  George  A.,  inventor,  190. 

Cosyn,  George,  25. 

Coton  du  peuplier  for  paper,  41. 

Cotton,  for  paper,  85  5  paper,  10  ; 
supplanted  by  linen  paper,  105 
plant,  paper  from  the  root 
and  stalk  of,  151  ;  seed  for 
paper,  2145  substitute  for 
rags,  201  ;  waste  for  paper, 
93,  168. 

Cottonian  library  specimen,  24. 

Cotusius,  24. 

Couch  grass  for  paper,  49. 
Coucher,  186. 
Couching  belt,  177. 
Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  225. 
Coupier  &  Mellier,  patentees,  127, 

130,  132. 
Coupier  &  Mellier,  patentees,  132. 
Courier  Francaise,  89. 
Courtalin,  France,  82. 
Cowley  &  Sullivan,  patentees,  147. 
Cowper,  John,  183. 
Cowper,  Prof.,  patentee,  83. 
Craig,  Mr.,  his  mill  burnt,  112. 


Crane,  L.  Murray,  inventor,  200. 
Crane,  Zenas,  53,  675  patentee, 
115. 

Crane's  miU  burnt,  209. 
Crawford  Messenger,  89. 
Crefeld,  mill  at,  34. 
Crehore,  Isaac,  patentee,  162. 
Crocker  &  Marshall,  patentees, 
164. 

Crocker,  Burbank  &  Co.'s  mill 

burnt,  218. 
Crocker,  S.  S.,  patentee,  179. 
Crompton,  Mr.,  79. 
Crompton,  T.  B.,  1045  patentee, 

74,  835  died,  157. 
Croswell  &  Son's  mill  burnt,  159. 
Cros.by,  Henry,  patentee,  104. 
Crystal  palace  exhibition,  130. 
Cuba,  imports  from  Spain,  115. 
Cuffs,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Culver  &  Cole,  patentees,  86. 
Cunningham,  Mr.,  patentee,  52. 
Curing  vessel,  186. 
Curtains,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Curtis,  Solomon,  67. 
Cushman  Brother's  mill  burned, 

229. 

Cushman,  Ephraim,  patentee,  1335 
and  John  R.,  patentees,  167. 
Cylinder  machine,  improvements 

m  in>  85>  15°- 
Cylinder-mould  machine,  Dickin- 
son's, 90. 
Cylinder-moulds,  185,  186. 

Daily  Evening  Register,  Philadel- 
phia, 136. 

Dalton,  Mass.,  115,  160  $  mill  at, 
67,  209,  226. 

D'Annonay,  M.  Johannot,  imi- 
tates vellum  paper,  47  ;  re- 
ceives gold  medal  from  the 
king,  47. 

Dansville,  N.  Y.,  104. 

Dartford,  England,  183,  202. 

Davis,  C.  F.,  his  mill  burned,  224. 

Davis  &  Moore's  mill  burned,  225. 

Davis,  Pierre  J.,  patentee,  147. 

Davy,  Henry,  patentee,  97. 


242 


Index. 


Day,  Josiah  F.,  his  mill  burnt,  1 67. 
Dayton,  O.,  130,  146,  149,  181. 
Debit,  William,  100  j  patentee,  84. 
De  Breza,  M.,  inventor,  103. 
Decayed  wood  for  paper,  84. 
Deckles,  162. 

Declaration  of  Independence,  70. 

Dedham,  Mass.,  92,  965  manu- 
factory at,  burnt,  94. 

Defensive  War,  discovery  of  the 
sermon  on,  46. 

Degrand,  J.  V.,  patentee,  103. 

De  Labigarre,  P.,  54. 

De  la  Garde,  Count,  patentee,  80. 

Delaware,  43  j  No.  of  mills  in, 
1810,  66;  petitions  for  a 
tariff,  73. 

Delaware  co.,  Pa.,  133. 

Delcambre,  M.,  80. 

Delevan,  E.  C,  78. 

Demarara  Royal  Gazette,  132. 

Demarets,  sent  to  Holland,  42. 

Demers,  William,  36. 

Denmark,  patent  granted  by,  725 
first  machine  at,  79  5  imports, 
11,1135  number  of  machines 
in,  1 85 1,  122  5  mills  in,  1874, 
230. 

De  Proprietatibus  Rerum,  28. 
Derbyshire,  England,  mill  in,  81. 
Desetable,  Gabriel,  68. 
De  Thou,  29. 
Detroit,  149. 

Devanx,  Benjamin,  patentee, 
81. 

De  Vinne's  Invention  of  Printing, 
17. 

De  Wees,  William,  34. 
De  Worde,  Wynken,  28. 
Diamant,  Moritz,  inventor,  175. 
Diamont,  M.  Maurice,  149. 
Dickinson,  George,  patentee,  82. 
Dickinson,  John,  patentee,  84,  91. 
Dickinson,  Mr.,  65,  78. 
Didot,  59. 

Didot,  Firmin,  79  ;  and  Brothers, 

patentees,  80. 
Didot,  Francois,  52,  53. 
Didot,  Leger,  55. 


Didot,  M.,  47,  118;  law  suit,  66  j 

patentee,  147. 
Didot,  Roger,  71. 
Discharge  pipe  and  valve,  187. 
District  of  Columbia,  mill  in,  burnt, 

118. 

Dodge,  T.  H.,  patentee,  174. 

Donkin  &  Co.,  machinists,  121. 

Donkin,  Bryan,  59,  121. 

Donkin,  Messrs.,  79. 

Donkin,  Mr.,  61,  82. 

Dorchester,  Mass.,  193. 

Dorset,  James,  44. 

Double  volute,  187. 

Dover  Mills,  Mass.,  mill  at,  167. 

Down  of  date  tree,  substitute  for 
rags,  201. 

Dresden,  paper  mill  at  visited  by 
Peter  the  Great,  11. 

Drouth,  mills  stopped  by  long  con- 
tinued, 1965  long,  217. 

Drying  cylinder,  146,  186. 

Dryer  fabric,  188. 

Dublin  printer's  dinner,  97. 

Du  Cange,  26. 

Du  Halde,  16. 

Dundee  Advertiser,  228. 

DunwelJ,  A.  L.,his  mill  burnt,20i. 

Dupont's  mill,  140. 

Dutch,  import,  36  ;  paper,  charac- 
teristics of,  31. 

Duty  reduced,  184. 

Dwarf  palm,  paper  from,  119. 

Eagle  mill  burned,  105,  233. 
East  Hartford,  Ct  ,  45,  84,  102, 

173; 
East  Indies.  75. 

East  Pike,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  232. 
East  Tarentum,  Pa.,  f8o. 
Eaton,  A.  K.,  patentee,  194 
Ebart,  inventor,  119. 
Ebersole,  J.  H.,  224. 
Edinburgh,  52,  117,  181. 
Edrisi,  20. 
Edward  III,  23. 
Egg  boilers,  185. 

Egypt,  mill  in,  1235  mummies 
from,  198. 


Index. 


243 


Egyptian  papyrus,  5;  paper,  7;  com- 
merce of,  7  j  ags,  142  5  cata- 
combs, mummies  from,  198. 

Elephanta,  island  of,  75. 

Elizabeth,  queen,  29. 

Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  37. 

Elkton,  Md.,  127. 

Ellis,  J.,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt,  197. 

Elm  for  paper,  49. 

Elmas,  Thomas,  45. 

Ely,  bishopric  of,  29. 

Eminent  Philadelphians,  70. 

Endless  apron,  150. 

Endless  feeder,  184. 

Engel,  Carl,  231. 

England,  97,  179,  188  j  introduc- 
tion of  cotton  paper  into,  10  j 
import  11  ;  first  paper  mill 
in,  285  imports  from  Holland, 
31  5  France,  31  5  French  re- 
fugees in,  32,  33  j  number  of 
paper  mills  in  1696,  335 
value  of  paper  manufactured 
in  1784,  485  excise  duty  in 
I799>  5  3  j  Fourdrinier 
machine  improved  in,  68  5 
machinery  of,  introduced  into 
the  United  States,  72  5  excise 
duty  in  1829,  86  ;  excise  duty 
1832,  95j  home  duty  in 
1835,  100  j  number  of  mills 
in  1840,  1055  product  in 
1841,  107  5  Ireland  and 
Scotland,  number  of  mills  in, 
1843,  1Q%  '•>  imported  rags 
from  Leghorn,  115}  ma- 
chines in,  117,  1195  duty 
1850,  120;  prices  of  rags 
in  1852,  125  j  export  of 
rags,  125  5  prices  of  rags 
in,  1365  demand  for  paper 
in,  1365  rise  in  price  of 
paper,  140  ;  draw  back 
duty  on  paper,  143,  145  • 
duty  abolished,  1745  export 
of  rags  free,  1905  consump- 
tion of  paper  in  1868,  203  j 
mills  in  1870,  215  5  imports 
of  rags  from,  228. 


English  sulphuric  acid,  163. 
English,  William,  his  mill  burned, 
126. 

Epilobium,  or  fireweed  for  paper, 
224. 

Erigerone  of  Canada,  bark  of,  for 
paper,  58. 

Escurial  palace,  21. 

Esk  mills,  101. 

Espartero,  paper  from,  194. 

Esparto,  used  as  paper  stock,  126  j 
consumption  in  1870,  2135 
grass  for  paper,  200,  214,  2215 
imported,  into  Great  Britain, 
1835  substitute  for  rags,  201  j 
scarcity  of,  2135  import  of, 
into  England,  1872,  226. 

Esperance,  N.  Y.,  74. 

Essex,  Vt. ,  mill  burnt,  141. 

Essonne,  24,  525  mills  at,  27. 

Esty's  mill  burnt,  154. 

Europe  163,  1775  annual  product, 
1 87 1,  217, 

European  Magazine,  65. 

European  markets,  resorted  to  by 
New  York  and  Boston  pub- 
lishers, 200. 

Eustathius,  20. 

Evans,  John,  patentee,  133. 

Evans,  Oliver,  69. 

Evaporating  furnaces,  215. 

Evarts,  Jefferson,  patentee,  212. 

Exeter,  N.  H.,  mill  in,  burnt,  97. 

Fabbriano,   26  j   manufactory  of 

paper  at,  24. 
Factory  Village,  near  Balston,  219. 
Fairchild,  Reuben,  patentee,  86. 
Fairhaven,  Vt.,  mill  at,  52. 
Falls  Creek  mill,  Ithaca,  95,  107. 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  mill  at,  170. 
Fancy  papers,  duty  on,  170. 
Farina,  Jean  A.,  124. 
Farmington,  N.  Y.,  71. 
Farnworth  Paper  Mills,  157. 
Faw,  Jonathan,  patentee,  183. 
Fayette  Co.,  Pa.,  109. 
Fayetteville,  mill  at,  214. 
Feed-gate,  self  acting,  186. 


244 


Index. 


Felt  guides,  147. 

Fenclifton  Co.,  Cambridge,  Eng- 
land, paper  mill  at,  29. 

Fen  Ditton,  England,  paper  mill 
at,  29. 

Fern  plant  (bracken),  paper  from, 
137. 

Fibres  of  aloes,  substitute  for  rags, 
201. 

Fienour  &  Nixon,  manufacturers, 
134. 

Figuier,  inventor,  112. 

Filter,  194. 

Filtering  machine,  94. 

Finsley,    Mr.,  inventor  of  ivory 

paper,  71. 
Fire  king,  232. 
Fire-proof  paper,  133. 
Firmus,  17. 
Fishes  for  paper,  216. 
Fitchburg,  Mass.,  mill  at,  218. 
Fladd,  John  Daniel,  24. 
Flag  for  paper,  137. 
Flat  Rock  mills,  199. 
Flax,  refuse  of,  for  paper,    56  5 
•  plant,  1685  for  paper,  1705 

fibre   of,     184  j  substitute 

for  rags,  201 . 
Fluted  rollers,  184. 
Fondasbush,  N.  Y.,  112. 
Fontenelle,  73. 
Foolscap,  28. 

Force's  American  Archives,  45. 
Ford's  manuscript  journal,  60. 
Formosa,  island  of,  61. 
Fort  Edward,  N.  Y.,  163,  166} 

mill  at,  198,  218. 
Fort    Wayne,     Ind.,    mill  near, 

222. 

Foster,  Samuel,  94. 

Foster,  Samuel  E.,  patentee,  96. 

Fourdrinier,  E.  N.,  inventor,  93. 

Fourdrinier,  Henry,  died,  139. 

Fourdrinier  machine,  60,  61,  68, 
69,  725  improved,  915  per 
fected,  121  j  speed  of,  219,* 
wire  cloth  apron  used,  177. 

Fourdrinier,  Messrs.   Henry  and 
Sealy,  60. 


Fourdrinier,  Messrs.,  statement  to 
parliament,  62  j  assignment 
of  John  Gamble    to,    62  j 
exhaust  a  fortune,  139. 
Fox  river,  Illinois,  mill  on,  180. 
France,  22,  25,  26,  84,  97,  164, 
194,  2245  paper  makers  of, 
51  5  mills  stopped  in,  through 
legislative  interference,   51  5 
largest  paper  mill  in  1799, 
53  j  first  attempt  to  make  an 
endless  web  in,  535  award 
to  Louis  Robert,  54  5  No.  of 
mills  in  1801,  565  exports 
575    patents,    505  import 
diminished,  595  No.  of  mills 
in    1801,    565    first  paper 
machine  constructed  in,  69  j 
machinery  of,  introduced  into 
the  U.  S.,  725  No.  of  paper 
merchants  in  1823,  76  j  No. 
of  paper  machines  in  1834, 
100  j  exports   to  Denmark, 
113  5  exported  to  the  U.  S., 
117  j  annual  product,  1295 
import  of  rags,  1853,  1295 
import  of  paper,  1305  exports, 
1315  consumption,  per  capita, 
131  5  consumption  of  rags, 
x^54>  I3I  j  paper  produced, 
131  5  annual  produce,  144; 
imports,  1856,  1475  exports, 
147  j  exportation  of  rags  pro- 
hibited,   154,   169;  export 
duty  on  rags,  1905  exports 
in  1864,    192,   194  j  com- 
mercial   treaty    with,  1945 
impotts,  1867,  2005  exports, 
200  j    new   mills  in,    201  5 
hand-made  paper  in, 2025  con- 
sumption of  paper  in  1868, 
2035  importations  in  1868, 
2043    exports,   1868,  2045 
imports  and  exports,  1869, 
21  oj     annual  production, 
1870,    215  j   war  in,    216  ; 
mills  in  1871,  217  j  mills  in, 
1874,  230. 
Franklin,  Benjamin,  46. 


Index. 


245 


Franklin  Institute,  156. 
Franklin,  N.  H.,  i&z  5  mill  at, 
225. 

Franklin,  N.  J.,  148. 
Franklin  Repository,  92. 
Frederic  II,  of  Germany,  21. 
Fredericksburg,  Denmark,  79. 
Freeman  &  Barnett's  mills  burned, 
222. 

Frejus,  France,  83. 

French,  Thomas,  patentee,  94. 

French  Academy  of  Sciences,  42, 
46  5  paper,  characteristics  of, 
31  5  refugee  paper  makers,  32, 
33  j  paper  hangings, 49;  exhi- 
bition, 1045  process  of  bleach- 
ing, 140  5  writing  papers, 
1675  customs, official  statistics 
of,  189  j  colonies,  231. 

Frog  spittle  for  paper,  54. 

Frosted  paper,  217. 

Fry,  Richard,  38. 

Fuller,  31. 

Fullum,  A. J.,  his  mill  burned,  197. 
Fulton,  Oswego  Co.,  mill  at,  220. 

Gaffstown  Centre,  N.  H.,  mill  at, 

220. 
Gaine,  113. 

Gaine,  W.  E.,  patentee,  155. 
Gallic  acid,  211. 
Gamble,  59. 
Gamble,  John,  55,  63. 
Gandolfi,  J.,  158. 
Garvey,  Levy,  160. 
Gaunt  &  Derrickson's  mill  burnt, 
HI- 

Gavit's  machine,  144. 
Geddes,  William,  inventor,  162. 
Geis,  H.  A.,  his  mill  burnt,  214. 
Gelston,  Sanford,  patentee,  173. 
Genesee  paper  mills,  192. 
Genoa,  exports,  112. 
Genoese  exports,  36. 
George,  John,  29. 
Georgetown,  118. 
Georgia,  1745  mills  in,  114. 
German,  paper  makers,  110  j  em- 
pire, mills  in,  1868,  205. 

21 


Germantown,  Pa.,  33,  34. 

Germany,  135,2245  introduction 
of  cotton  paper  into,  10  5  im- 
ports, 1 1  5  No.  of  mills  in, 
1785,  48  5  inferior  quality  of 
paper  in,  1790,  51  ;  imports, 
94  5  export  of  paper  in,  1852, 
125  5  high  export  duty,  1555 
mills  in  1871,2175  mills  in, 
1874,  230. 

Giersdorf,  138. 

Gilman,  Alonzo,  patentee,  115. 
Gilpin,  machinery  first  used  by,  72. 
Gilpin,  Messrs.,  their  mill  flooded, 

74  5  burned,  78. 
Gilpin,  Thomas,  patentee,  91. 
Gilpin,  Thomas,  &  Co.,  70. 
Glasgow,  177. 

Glazed  paper  for  clothiers,  duty  on, 
101. 

Glazing  process,  186. 

Glen's  Falls,  N.  Y.,  197  5  mill  at, 
221  j  Paper  Co.,  injunction 
against,  215. 

Glycerine,  156. 

Glynn,  Henry,  patentee,  143. 

Gnaphalie,  or  life  everlasting,  for 
paper,  142. 

Gombo,  paper  from,  231. 

Goodman  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, their  mill  burnt,  121. 

Gorgas,  John,  36. 

Goss  &  Reed's  mill  burnt,  83,  167. 

Gottingen,  Royal  Society  of,  24, 
39- 

Goucher,  Francis,  patentee,  94. 
Goumar,  M.,  receives  medal,  95. 
Grant,  Warren  &  Co.,  164. 
Grantless,  Edward,  patentee,  145. 
Grape  vines,  peelings  of,  for  paper, 

Grass  for  paper,  131,  168,  170. 

Great  Britain,  quantity  manufac- 
tured in,  1721  and  1723,  36; 
import  of  rags,  59  j  annual 
product,  value  of,  68  5  annual 
manufacture  of  paper  in,  98  5 
duty  in,  1838,  103  j  product 
of  paper  hangings,  120  5 


246 


Index. 


Great  Britain,  imported  rags  from 
the  United  States  and  Egypt, 
120  j  import  of  rags,  1285  in- 
crease of  manufactures,  128  ; 
value  of  the  annual  product, 
128  5  manufactures  in,  1853, 
1295  consumption  of  rags  in, 
1315  paper  produced,  1854, 
1315  exported,  1 3 1 5  exports, 
1854,  135  j  value  manufac- 
tured in,  1854,  1355  annual 
consumption  of  rags,  135  5 
reciprocity  treaty  with  the 
United  States,  1375  annual 
production,  144  •  product 
of,  154  5  decrease  of 
paper  charged  with  duty, 
1858,  1625  complaint  of 
paper  makers  in,  194;  im- 
ports 1864,  1945  mills  in 
1870,  215  j  mills  in  1871, 
217,  mills  in  1873,  2275 
mills  in,  1874,  2305  and 
Ireland,  number  of  machines, 
1847,  1135  product  1847, 
1 1 3  5  1848,  ii^j  manu- 
factures and  exports,  1849, 
117;  excise  duty,  1850, 
1195  product  in  1850, 
1205  in  1851,120  j  product 
and  export,  1852,  124  j  mills 
reduced  in,  143  j  consumption 
of  rags,  143  5  paper  manufac- 
turers petition  parliament,  1 89. 

Greaves,  Mr.,  49. 

Greece,  paper  imported  from  the 
Two  Sicilies,  121  ;  not  a 
single  mill  in,  1868,  2045 
imports  from  Austria,  Italy, 
and  France,  204;  exports 
rags  to  England  and  France, 
228. 

Greek  parchment,  10,  24. 
Greenleaf  &  Taylor's  mill  burnt, 
167. 

Green  paper,  72. 
Greenville,  Cr.,  mill  at,  201. 
Greenwich,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  202. 
Grimpe  &  Colas,  inventors,  116. 


Grinder,  open,  186. 
Groton,  Mas*.,  108,  126. 
Guarro,  Francisco,  55. 
Guettard,  M.,  39. 
Guienne,  France,  exports,  59. 
Gunny  for  paper,  194. 
Gutenberg,  27. 

Gutta  percha,  161  5  used  to  pre- 
vent counterfeiting,  200. 
Guy,  Francis,  patentee,  61. 
Gypsum,  167. 

Haddam  Neck,  Ct.,  153. 
Haddock,  Maisden,  patentee,  84. 
Hagerstown,  Md.,  mill  at,  146. 
Halifax,  69. 

Hall,  Charles  H.,  experimenter, 

Hall,  E.  B.,  patentee,  71. 
Hall,  John,  patentee,  90. 
Hamburg,   imports,   47  5  number 

of  mills,  48  j  exports  rags, 

106,    1545    importation  of 

paper,  1848.  115. 
Hammond's  mill  burned,  223,232. 
Hampden,  Me.,   mills  in,  burnt, 

100. 

Hampden   Paper  Company's  mill 

burnt,  212. 
Hampshire,  78. 
Hand  paper,  28. 
Hanna  &  Son's  mill  burnt,  159. 
Hanna,  Samuel,  his   mill  burnt, 

166. 
Hannibal,  16. 
Hansard,  52. 

Hardin  county,  Illinois,  186. 
Hardwick,  Mass.,  126. 
Harper,  James,  patentee,  177. 
Harpers  import  from  Belgium, 
200. 

Hartford,  Ct.,  45,  96,  100. 

Hartford,  England,  28. 

Hats,  paper  used  for,  203,  206. 

Hausel,  architect.  222. 

Havana,   Cuba,    105  j  company 

formed  at,  152. 
Hawkins,  John,  58. 
Hawley,  S.  &  A.,  &  Co.,  64. 


Index. 


247 


Hay  for  paper,  56,  81,  86. 
Hay  ward,  Henry,  patentee,  178. 
Heath,  Mr.,  70. 

Hemp  for  paper,  93,  1705  refuse 
of,  for  paper,  565  cultivated, 
substitute  for  rags,  201. 

Henchman,  Daniel,  37  j  his  paper 
mill,  38. 

Hendee  &  Co.'s  mill  burned,  225. 

Hennessy,  Daniel  Joseph  Patrick, 
died,  139. 

Henrick,  Asile,  76. 

Henry  II,  of  France,  28. 

Henry  VII,  27. 

Henry   VIII,    of  England,  his 

water-mark,  28. 
Herbert's  Typ.  Antiquities,  28. 
Herculaneum,  manuscripts  taken 

from  the  ruins  of  16. 
Herkimer,  N.  Y.,  116,  150. 
Herodotus,  6. 

Herrin,  J.  H.,  his  mill  burned, 
208. 

Herring,  Richard,  143. 
Hesse,  Grand  Duchy,  m. 
Hibiscus  esculentus  for  paper,  168. 
Hill,  C,  137. 
Hillsdale  mill  burned,  226. 
Hindoos,  100,  232. 
Hippocrates,  Aphorisms  of,  19. 
Historical  Magazine,  47,  54. 
History  of  commerce,  32. 
Hodgkins,  H.,  patentee,  147. 
Hodgman  &  Falser,  218;  their 

mill  burned,  223. 
Hoes,  John  R.,  his  mill  burnt, 

148. 

Hoffman,  Mr.,  2. 

Hogan's  mill  burnt,  205. 

Hohokus,  N.  J.,  149. 

Holbrook,  W.  H.,  182. 

Holbrook  &  Fessenden,  65. 

Holland,  Homer,  patentee,  103. 

Holland,  Thomas,  69. 

Holland,  46,  2245  imports  from 
France,  1 1  ;  first  paper  mill 
in,  325  reputation  of  paper 
of,  41  j  number  of  paper 
mills   in    1770,  425 


Holland  paper  makers  petition, 
1 325  export  of  rags  prohibited, 
1695  export  duty  on  rags, 
1905  No.  of  mills  in  1870, 
214}  mills  in  1874,  230. 

Hollingsworth  paper  mill  burned, 
126. 

Hollister  paper  mills  burnt,  112. 
Hollyhock  for  paper,  139. 
Holmes,  Joseph  E.,  89. 
Holstein,  machine  in  122. 
Holyoke,  Mass.,  product  of  mills, 

1868,   204;  mill  at,  212; 

daily  product  of,  208,  227. 
Homer,  20,  50. 
Hong  Kong,  China,  148. 
Hooper,  patent  granted  to,  49. 
Hooper,  Samuel,  51. 
Hop  vines  for  paper,  41,  765  plant, 

paper  from,  133. 
Hops  for  paper,  49  5  substitute  for 

rags,  201. 
Hornets'  nests  for  paper,  41. 
Horseradishj  stems  and  roots  of,  for 

paper,  I  37, 
Hotchkisstown,  102. 
Hot-pressers,  duty  on,  101. 
Hough's  Jefferson  Co.,  65. 
Houghton  &  Graves's  mill  burnt, 

156. 

House  &  Co.,  experimenters,  153. 
Housatonic,  paper  mill  on,  535 

Paper  Mill,  burnt,  159. 
Hover,  J.  E.,  inventor,  204. 
Howard  &  Son's  mill  burnt,  217. 
Howardjames,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 

154. 

Howland  &  Griswold,  patentees, 
97- 

Howland  &  Palser,  patentees,  166. 
Howland's  mill  burnt,  197  j  mill, 

rotary  bleacher  exploded,  220. 
Howland, Palser  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 

198. 

Hudson  river,  mill  on,  197  5 
Paper  and  Pulp  Co.'s  mill 
burnt,  233. 

Huepe,  la,  mill,  at,  139. 

Humboldt,  Wis.,  mill  at,  208. 


248 


Index. 


Hungary,  155. 

Hunter,  Mr.,  23. 

Hunter  &  Patton's  mill  burnt,  172. 

Hunting,  Mason,  patentee,  84. 

Husks,  paper  from,  99  j  of  Indian 

corn  for  paper,  85. 
Hutton,  William,  39,  57. 
Huygeron,  M.,  patentee,  72. 
Hydrate  of  lime,  103. 
Hydrochloric  acid,  139. 
Hydrostatic  pressure  187. 
Hyperchloride  of  potash,  133. 

Ibotson,  Mr.,  95. 

Ibotson,  Richard,  inventor,  90. 

Iliad,  75. 

Incorrodible  paper,  165. 
India,  224. 

Indian  corn,  husks  and  stalks  for 
paper,  102  j  paper  from  the 
leaves  of,  154,  1795  for 
paper,  164. 

Indian  hemp,  substitute  for  rags, 
201. 

Industrial  exhibition,  London,  1. 
Industrial  exhibitions  in  England, 

France  and  Germany,  178. 
Ingalls,  G.  W.,  his   mill  burnt, 

149. 

Invention  of  Printing,  De  Vinne's, 
.  I7' 

Ionian  Isles,  paper  imported  from 

the  Two  Sicilies,  121. 
Ionians,  15. 

Ireland,  100  5  number  of  persons 
engaged  in  manufacture,  945 
mills  in,  1870,  215. 

Iron,  165  3  filings  in  paper,  224 ; 
paper  for  wrapping,  224. 

Isaacson,  Mr.,  160. 

Isle  Royal,  149. 

Italian  ports  export  rags,  154} 
mills,  in  charge  of  foreign 
workmen,  229. 

Italy,  22,  25,  135,  2245  paper 
made  from  maize,  43  5  ex- 
ports rags,  106,  126  j  ex- 
port duties  in,  189;  mills 
in    1871,  217} 


Italy,  import  of  rags  from,   228  j 

mills  in,  1874,  230. 
Ithaca,  94. 

Ivory,  for  paper,  1545  shavings 
for  paper,  153. 

Jamaica,  178,  184,  2105  market 
affected,  136. 

Janbeaurt,  M.,  inventor,  73. 

Jansen,  printer,  30. 

Japan,  224  j  samples  of  paper 
from,  222. 

Japanese,  16  j  mode  of  preparation 
by  the,  8  5  process  by  the, 
76}  beautiful  paper  of  the, 
77  ;  visit  Niagara  Falls,  217. 

Jaquiers,  Jean  Jaques,  patentee, 

Jaroslow,  Russia,  mill  at,  55. 
Jarvis  &  French,  inventors,  95. 
Java,  211  j  imports,  113. 
Jefferson,  212. 

Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  104,  144; 
first  machinery  introduced  in, 

96. 

Jersey  City,  182. 

Jessup  &  Lafflin's  mill  burnt,  128. 
Jessup  &  Moore,  219}  their  mill 

burned,  232. 
Jettee  for  paper,  211. 
Jewish  writing  master,  175. 
Jeyes,  John,  patentee,  133. 
Joinville,  21. 

Jones,  J.  F.,  185,  1925  inventor, 
181. 

Jordan,  Joseph,  Jr.,  patentee, 
173- 

Jordan  &  Keney,  164. 

Journal  de  Fabricants  des  Papier, 

178,  195. 
Journal    de  l'lmprimerie,  Belgi- 

que,  140. 
Journal  of  Commerce,  136. 
Julien,  M.,  patentee,  86. 
Jullion,  J.  L.,  patentee,  171. 
Junk  board,  192. 
Junk  for  paper,  93. 
Jury  Report,  1245  of  the  London 

exhibition,  1. 


Index. 


249 


Jute  for  paper,  170,  194,  228  5 
(Bengal  hemp),  substitute  for 
rags,  201. 

Kaoline  for  paper,  173. 
Karcheski,  Xavier,  patentee,  165. 
Kater  kil,  mill  on  the,  1 88. 
Kayaderosseros,  mill  stopped,  144  ; 

river,  freshet  in,  149. 
Keen,  Morris  L.,  163;  patentee, 

Kelin,  M.,  inventor,  132. 
Keller,  114;  patentee,  109. 
Kellogg,  J.,  92. 
Kellogg,  James  N.,  140. 
Kendall,  Messrs  ,  patentees,  165. 
Kent  Paper  Company,  150. 
Kentucky,  No.  of  mills  in,  18 10, 
66. 

Kew,  royal  gardens  at,  231. 
Kilmer,  Harlow,  killed,  174. 
Kinderhook,  mills  at,  208  j  creek, 

mill  on,  67. 
Kingsland,  Joseph,  patentee,  125. 
Kingsland,  Joseph  Jr.,  patentee, 

148. 

Kinsey,  Israel,  patentee,  149. 

Kircher,  Athanasius,  30. 

Kneeland,  J.  C,  patentee,  115. 

Knight,  Charles,  128. 

Knowlton  &  Rice's  mills  burnt, 
96,  115. 

Knoxville,  Tenn  ,  mill  at,  226. 

Koch,  Louis,  patentee,  143,  151. 

Kolesoff,  M.,  179. 

Koops,  Matthias,  1 ;  successful  ex- 
periment by,  55,  56. 

Lackville,   Nova  Scotia,  mill  at, 

69. 

Lacroix,  88. 

Ladd  &  Keen,  patentees,  158. 
Ladd,  W.  F.,  inventor,  191. 
Laferet,  M.,  patentee,  76. 
Laflin,  A.  H  ,  1 16. 
Lafflin,   Messrs,  150,  their  mill 

burnt,  97. 
La   Huepe,  in  Brabant,  mills  at, 

139. 


Laid  note  paper,  116. 
Lake  Superior,  149. 
Lallemand,  J.,  patentee,  138. 
Lambert,  Louis,  patentee,  77. 
Lancashire,  Eng.,  214. 
Landolina,  Chevalier,  died,  67. 
Land  Revenue  Records  of  England, 
29. 

Landrin,  M.,  231. 
Languedoc,  exports,  59. 
L'Auvergne,  69. 
Lavender,  B.  A.,  129. 
Lawrence,  Mass.,  164,  179  ;  mill 
at,  196. 

Leather,  for  paper,  161  ;  cuttings, 
for  paper,  85  j  scraps  for  paper, 
184;  advance  in  price,  200  5 
machine  belts,  paper  substi- 
tuted for,  204 

Leaves,  for  paper,  132  j  of  Indian 
corn  for  paper,  181. 

Ledger,  Philadelphia,  134. 

Lewis,  S.  G.,  patentee,  133. 

Lee.  Mass.,  105,  167  j  mill  at,  61, 

I59>  *74i  i96>  J98>  22°> 
226  5  mill  in,  burnt,  97  ; 
number  of  companies  in,  123} 
annual  product,  123  j  No.  of 
mills,  1856,  148  j  consump- 
tion of  rags  in  1868,204; 
mills  in  1874,  218.  229. 
Leesdorf,  25. 

Leesville,  Ct.,  mill  at,  218. 

Lefevre.  patentee,  80. 

Leffingvvell,  Christopher,  41  ; 
bounty  granted,  to,  42. 

Leghorn,  155  ;  exported  rags  to 
England  and  the  United 
States,  115  5  paper  imported 
from  the  Two  Sicilies,  121. 

Leicester,  Mass.,  190. 

Leipsic,  159. 

Leipzig  Correspondent,  205,  230. 
Le  Limosin,  69. 

Leorier,  M.,  experiments  made  at 

the  mill  of,  49. 
Les  Vosges,  69. 
Letter  paper,  price  raised,  177. 
Lichtenstadt,  D.,  patentee,  161. 


250 


Index. 


Lichtenstadt,  Philip,  patentee,i89. 

Life  everlasting  (gnaphalie),  for 
paper,  142. 

Lily  of  the  valley  for  paper,  41. 

Lime,  146,  181  j  for  paper,  49, 
89;  water  used,  130;  solu- 
tion of,  189. 

Linden,  paper  made  from,  45  ; 
substitute  for  rags,  201. 

Lindsay,  Thomas,  inventor,  162. 

Linen,  paper,  231  5  rag  paper,  21. 

Linseed  oil  used,  116. 

Liquorice  root  for  paper,  80. 

Lisbon  mill  burnt,  213. 

Lisbon  Plains,  213. 

Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  130,  1425 
mill  at,  226. 

Lloyd,  221. 

Lloyd's  Newspaper,  200. 
Livy,  16. 

Lockland,  O.,  183. 

Lockwood's   Dictionary,   224;  of 

the  Paper  Trade,  233. 
Lombardo-Venetian  kingdom,  123 
Lombardy,  24. 

London,  104,  111,  178;  indus- 
trial exhibition,  1  j  Society 
for  the  Encouragement  of 
Arts  and  Manufactures, 
award  by,  71  ;  custom  house 
at,  89  j  Exhibition  of  In- 
dustry, 1245  International 
Exhibition,  176. 

London  Economist,  140. 

London  Mechanics  Magazine,i79. 

London  Printers'  Register,  51. 

Loosley,  Thomas,  45. 

Louisville,  Ky.,  140. 

Louis  XIII,  of  France,  30. 

Louis  XIV,  of  France,  30. 

Louis  XVI,  of  France,  47. 

Lowe,  Henry,  129,  160;  experi- 
menter, 145  5  patentee,  173. 

Lower  falls,  192. 

Lozanna,  M.,  58. 

Lydig,  David,  75. 

Lymrn,  A.  S.,  patentee,  176. 

Lyon,  Matthew,  52. 

Lyons,  exports,  59. 


Lyons  mills  burnt,  100. 

McCulloch,  101. 

McElfatrick,  James  R.,  182. 

McFarlane,  William,  177. 

McGuaran,  J.,  patentee,  76. 

Mack,  Andrus  &  Woodruffs  mill 
burnt,  107. 

McKerry's  mill  burnt,  200. 

McMurray,  J.  &R.,  patentees,  158. 

Macon,  France,  80. 

Macon  Telegraph,  174. 

Machine  for  cutting  waste  paper, 
68  5  for  making  paper,  70  ; 
for  cutting  rags,  82  j  Odent's, 
825  paper  cutting,  835  for 
cleansing  rags,  "84 ;  Fourdri- 
nier,  82. 

Machines,  in  America,  121  j  in 
Austria,  no,  121  j  Baden, 
1 1 1  j  Bavaria,  1 1 1  5  Connec- 
ticut, H2j  Denmark,  121  j 
Europe,  121  j  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland,  108,  1095 
France,  81,  100,  118,  121} 
Florence,    123  ;  Germany; 

121  ;  Great  Britain,  121  , 
Hesse,  in  ;India,  121;  Italy; 
121;   Spain,    122;  Sweden, 

1 22  ;  Prussia,  1 1 1  ;  Sardinia, 
122  ;  the  Two  Sicilies,  120  , 
the  Zollverein,  1 1 1. 

Madras,  rags  exported  from,  188. 

Madrid,  scarcity  of  paper,  163. 

MarTei,  25. 

Magaw,  patentee,  89. 

Magaw,  William,  patentee,  81. 

Magee,  Richard,  patentee,  192. 

Magnesia,  silicate  of,  187,  189. 

Magnesium,  metallic  oxide  of,  165. 

Maguey  plant,  paper  prepared  from, 

9,  86. 
Maguire,  Mr.,  194. 
Maidstone,  England,  40,  127. 
Maize,  paper  made  from,  43  j  or 

Turkish  wheat  for  paper,  150, 

177. 

Maiden  Bridge,  142,  146. 
Mallows,  substitute  for  rags,  201. 


Index. 


25I 


Malloy,  J.  E.,  patentee,  172. 
Malta,    imports  paper   from  the 

Two  Sicilies,  121. 
Manayunk,  Pa.,  134,   195,  199, 

214  j  near  Philadelphia,  mill 

at,  191. 

Manchester,  Ct.,  93  j  mill  at,  154. 

Manchester,  England,  39,  188  5 
paper  makers  meeting  at,  213. 

Manchester,  Va.,  mill  at,  199. 

Maniere,  E.,  patentee,  133. 

Manilla,  for  paper,  170,  194  j 
Paper  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, 1745  handkerchief, 
211  j  paper  manufacturers, 
meeting  of,  222. 

Manlius,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  177. 

Mann  &  Laflin's  factory  burned, 
219. 

Mansell,  J.,  124. 

Manures,    vegetable  remains  of, 

for  paper,  137. 
Marcellus,  N.  Y.,  124. 
Maria  Theresa,  empress  of  Austria, 

.39- 

Marietta,  Ga.,  mills  rebuilt,  202. 
Mariottstown,  Md.,  126. 
Marland,  Obadiah,  patentee,  138. 
Marseilles,  73. 
Marshall,  Michigan,  203. 
Marsh  mallow,  paper  made  of,  48. 
Martin,  Gen.  Walter,  62. 
Martin,   R.  &  J.  C.,  patentees, 
137. 

Martinique,  106. 

Martinsburg,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  62, 
96. 

Martonoi,  G.,  patentee,  142. 

Maryland,  convention  at,  44  j 
No.  of  mills  in  1810,  66. 

Marzoni,  Charles,  patentee,  1.58. 

Massachusetts,  43  j  general  court 
of,  grant  a  patent,  37  j  house 
of  representatives,  resolution 
of,  455  duties  in  1785, 
48  j  mills  of,  product  of,  665 
No.  of  mills  in  18 10,  66; 
No.  of  paper  mills  in  1829, 
87;  manufactures  i860,  165; 


Massachusetts,  legislature  of, 
Boston  publishers  appear 
before  the,  188  5  value  of 
manufactures,  197;  value  of 
paper  consumed  in,  230. 

Masse  d'eau  for  paper,  41. 

Mason,  D.  &  D.  S.,  &  Co.'s  mill 
burnt,  178. 

Matthiessen,  Dr.,  210. 

Mauritius,  Petrus,  20. 

Maynard,  John  and  George,  their 
mill  burned,  126. 

May  &  Rogers's  mill  burned,  220. 

Mazarine  Bible,  27. 

Meadville,  Pa.,  81,  89. 

Mecca,  18. 

Mechanicsville,  197. 

Meerman,  Gerardus,  40. 

Melbourne,  Australia,  manufacture 
of  paper  commenced  near, 
205. 

Mellier,  A.  C,  141,  205;  pat- 
entee, 151. 

Mellier's  process,  134. 

Memphis,  manufactories  at,  15. 

Mercury,  bichloride  of,  216. 

Mesnil,  mill  at,  79. 

Mexicans,  ancient,  9. 

Mexico,  imports,  U2j  gulf  of, 
231. 

Meyerhofer,  John,  163. 
Michaux,  160. 
Michigan,  209. 

Middlebrook  mill  burned,  226. 
Middleburgh,  N.   Y.,  steam  mill 

at,  190. 
Middlebury,  Vt.,  mill  at,  223. 
Millboards,  duty  on,  101,  170. 
Millbourn,  Joseph,  183. 
Miller  &  Churchill's  mill  burned, 

226. 

Miller,  Enoch,  patentee,  83. 
Million,  Henry,  32. 
Mill  river,  Mass.,  208. 
Mills,  S.  S.,  patentee,  158. 
Milton,  Mass.,  37,  85,  161  5  mill 
at,  90. 

Milton,  Saratoga  Co.,  206. 
Milton,  Vt.,  mill  at  burnt,  84. 


252 


Index. 


Milwaukie,  mill  at,  201. 
Minnesota,  first  mill  in,  170. 
Mobile  Register,  216. 
Mongolian  races,  232. 
Montargis,  mill  at,  53. 
Montfaucon,  18,  22. 
Montgolfier,  M.,  88. 
Montholon,  29. 
Montpelier,  Vt.,  mill  at,  83. 
Montserrat,  Went  Indies,  147. 
Montville,  Ct.,  221 . 
Moore,  G.  &  W.  U.,  their  mill 

burnt,  188. 
Moorish  paper  makers,  19. 
Moors,  10. 

Moorva  for  paper,  211. 
Moreau,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  64. 
Moriches,  L.  I.,  mill  at,  294. 
Morning  Post,  157. 
Morse's  mill  burnt,  167. 
Moscow,  paper  makers  sent  to,  1 1 
Mosher,    Haight    &    Co.'s  mill 

burned,  206. 
Moss  for  paper,  41,  49,  77,  81, 

149. 

Mothwort  for  paper,  41. 
Mount  Holly  Springs,   Pa.,  mill 
at,  207. 

Mulberry,  for  paper,  41  ;  substi- 
tute for  rags,  201  ;  tree,  for 
paper,  77  ;  inner  bark  of,  for 
paper,  7. 

Mullin  &  Parker's  mill  burned, 
223. 

Mullin,  W.   B.,  &  Son's  boiler 

bursted,  207. 
Mummies,  stripped  for  rags,  149. 
Muscovy  mats  for  paper,  38. 
Musty  literature,  191. 

Nantes,  France,  173. 

Napoleon,  75. 

Nassau,  Germany,  112. 

Nassau,  Rens.  Co.,  N.  Y.,  mill 

burnt,  151. 
Needham,  Mass.,  mills  at,  206. 
Nepal  paper,  123. 
Nesbit,  A.,  patentee,  77. 
Netherlands,  imports,  113. 


Nettles  for  paper,  49. 
Neustadt  Elberwald,  119. 
Neustadt,  Germany,  222. 
Nevin,  J.  N.,  139. 
Newark,  N.  J.,  mill  at,  201. 
New  Baltimore,  Greene  Co.,  N. 

Y,  159. 
Newbern,  N.  C,  mill  at,  218. 
Newbery,  W.  B.,  patentee,  193. 
Newbury,  Vt.,  94. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  183. 
New   England,   1595   first  paper 

mill  in,  37. 
New  Hampshire,  43  ;  No.  of  mills 

in,  1810,  66;  No.  of  mills 

in,  1840,  105. 
New  Haven,  102  ;  mill  near,  227. 
New  Jersey,  43,  221. 
New  London,  Ct.,  217. 
New  Orleans  Bulletin,  114. 
Newspaper,  price  in  1863,  188  j 

selling  in  London,  rage  for, 

209. 

Newton  Lower  Falls,  Mass.,  162; 
mills  at,  burnt,  100. 

Newton,  Mass.,  67. 

New  York,  33,  36,  96,  125,  155, 
158,  163,  189,  201  ;  pro- 
vincial congress,  application 
to,  45  ;  resolution  of,  45  ; 
scarcity  of  paper  in,  47  ;  No. 
of  mills  in  1810,  66;  census 
of  18 10,  67  ;  consumption  of 
paper  in  1828,  81  ;  value  of 
paper  imports,  131;  Paper 
Maker's  Circular,  141  ;  Mer- 
cantile Library,  144 ;  imports 
in  1863,  187;  capitalists, 
192,*  import  of  rags,  1869, 
212;  paper  maker's  meeting 
at,  213  ;  city,  151,  172,  173, 
175,  176,  182,  191,  192; 
consumption,  of  paper,  146; 
scale  of  prices,  1865,  196  . 

New  York  Commercial  Adver- 
tiser, 228. 

New  York  Journal  of  Commerce, 

95- 

New  York  Times,  136. 


Index. 


2  53 


New  York  Tribune,  136,  160. 
New  Zealand  rlax,  substitute  for 

rags,  201. 
Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  140,  160, 

1705  Paper  Mill  Company, 

180  5  mill  at,  218. 
Nicholas,  29. 
Nile  river,  149. 
Niles's  Weekly  Register,  88. 
Nine-mile  river,  mill  on,  69. 
Nitrate,   of  ammonia,   192;  or 

soda,  189. 
Nitric  acid,  168,  173. 
Nixon,  Martin,  patentee,  161,163. 
Nixon's  mill  burnt,  191. 
Nolan,  Samuel,  inventor,  131. 
Noonan  &  McNab's  mill  burned, 

208. 

NorthAmherst,Mass.,  mill  at,i59, 
229. 

Northampton,  Mass.,  167,  206. 
North  Bennington,  Vt.,  mill  at, 

156,  172. 
North  Carolina,  No  of  mills, 1 35. 
North  Esk,  Scotland,    63,  181. 
Norway   and  Sweden,    mills  in, 

1874,  230. 
Norwich,  Ct.,  41  j  mill  at,  145. 
Nova  Scotia,  first  newspaper  in, 226. 
Numa.    1 5  j  abolished  by  critics, 
Nuremberg,  22,  25,  26. 

Oak  for  paper,  49. 

Obry,  Mr.,  80. 

Ochs,  Lasare,  patentee,  146. 

Odent,  Victor,  patentee,  82. 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  184. 

Ohio  newspaper  publishers,  meet- 
ing of,  195. 

Okainon,  76. 

Okra  plant  for  paper,  216. 

Old  Hadley,  Mass.,  127. 

Olier,  Joseph  Prosper,  patentee, 
189. 

Oneida  county,  65. 
Ontario  Paper  Mills  burned,  220. 
Ouvrard,  contractor,  50. 
Overland  Mail,  148. 
Oxalic^acid,  189. 

22 


Oxychloride  of  zinc,  171. 

Pacific  mills,  145. 

Padua,    establishment    of  paper 

making  at,  24. 
Pails,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Palmer  Falls,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  233. 
Palmer,  James,  patentee,  82. 
Palser  &  Howland,  patentees,  163. 
Pannartz,  27. 

Paper,  Japanese,  used  for  water 
proof  clothing,  9  5  makers  of 
Spain,  10  j  in  France,  11; 
mill,  first  in  America,  115 
first  imported  from  the  Corea, 
16;  hangings,  French,  duty 
abolished,  495  cutting  ma- 
chine, 83,  965  manufac- 
turers, publish  a  protest,  126; 
requisites  in  for  general  use, 
1 31  j  rise  in  the  price  of,. 
136,  180,  191,  2285  Maker's 
Circular,  New  York,  141  ; 
increase  in  the  consumption 
of,  1675  rag  engines,  1695. 
hangings,  188  ;  duty  on,  1705 
manufacturers,  meeting  of, 
172  ;  making,  treatise  on, 
1785  twine  made  of,  180  j 
boards,  1855  consumption  of, 
1955  price  reduced,  196; 
aprons  worn  by  news  girls, 
209  :  grass,  cultivated  by  the 
English,  209  j  annual  pro- 
duction of,  228  j  from  the 
stalks  and  leaves  of  plants, 
232  ;  mill  run,  n,  33. 

Paper  Trade  Journal,  25,  27,  32, 
78,  97,  123,  164,  195,  225, 
226,  227,  229,  231,  239. 

Paper  Trade  Reporter,  119,  143, 
215,  218,  219,  222,  227. 

Papier  continue,  86. 

Papier  linge,  88. 

Papier  velin,  40  5  definition  of,  47. 

Papiers  peints,  38. 

Papyrus,  6  j  earliest  mention  of  the 
use  of,  155  Numa's  works 
upon,  155    scarcity  of,  16  j 


254 


Index. 


Papyrus,  taken  from  the  ruins  of 
Herculaneum,  16  ;  found  in 
the  island  of  Elephanta,  755 
complete  specimen  sold,  50  j 
cultivated,  231. 

Paraffine,  196. 

Parchment,  55  Greek,  10  j  al- 
luded to  by  Herodotus,  155 
mode  of  dressing,  16  ;  cloth, 
19;  paper,  155;  substance 
resembling,  156. 

Paris,  27,  78,  101,  111,  124, 
*32>  J47,  178,  1895  Royal 
Library  at,  195  university  of, 
30  j  quantity  of  paper  con- 
sumed in  1826,  795  exposi- 
tion, 1445  tne  eldest  rag 
picker  in,  died,  157;  docks 
established  to  accommodate 
paper  makers,  193  j  conven- 
tion of  paper  makers,  193  j 
exhibition,  2025  daily  con- 
sumption of  paper,  205  5 
trade  active  in,  213. 

Parliament,  paper  manufacturers 
petition,  189. 

Parker,  F.  S.,  &  J.,  222. 

Parker,  F.  S.,  died,  222. 

Parker,  J.  G.,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 
222. 

Parker,  Messrs.,  their  mill  burnt, 
140. 

Parks,  S.  A.,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt, 
*59- 

Parmewitz,  Herr  von,  inventor, 

138. 

Partridge,  James,  his  mill  burnt, 
203. 

Pasteboard,  scraps  for  paper,  80  $ 

duty  on,  100,  170J  from  beet 

root,  149. 
Paterson,  N.  J.,  118. 
Patterson,  J.  H.,  patentee,  172. 
Paulin,  R.,  his  mill  burnt,  199. 
Peabody,  Daniel,  &  Co.'s  paper 

mill  burnt,  102. 
Peaslee,    Horace   W.,  patentee, 

142,  146. 
Peat,  paper  from,  100. 


Peck,  E.,  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt,  81. 
Pederia  fcefcida  for  paper,  211. 
Peignot,  24,  60. 

Pemberton,  Henry,  patentee,  180. 

Pendleton,  Eng.,  229. 

Pennsylvania,  36, 43,  94  j  council 
of  safety  of,  prevent  paper 
makers  from  volunteering, 
465  No.  of  mills  in,  18 10, 
66  j  petitions  for  a  tariff,  73. 

Penny  Magazine,  98. 

Pennypacker's  mill  burned,  233. 

Pepperell,  Mass.,  mill  at,  225. 

Perforated  diaphragm,  187,  191. 

Pergamus,  improved  parchment, 
16. 

Perham,  Charles,  his  mill  burnt, 
108. 

Perigord,  France,  34. 
Perkins,   E.   L.,    patentee,  134, 
166. 

Perrin's  mill  burnt,  203. 

Persians,  232. 

Peter  II,  of  Valencia,  23. 

Peter  the  Great,  11  j  established 

paper  mill  at  Dresden,  II, 

35- 

Peter  the  Venerable,  20. 
Peterborough,  N.  H.,  115. 
Peterhoff  manufactory  built,  68  j 
Russian  manufactory  at,  110. 
'Petroleum,  for  tracing  paper,  222. 
Petticoats,  of  paper,  212. 
Pharoahs,  rags  from  the  land  of, 
149. 

Phelps  &  Field's  paper  mill  burnt, 
105. 

Phelps,  George  M.,  patentee,  115. 

Phelps  &  Spafford,  Messrs.,  ma- 
chinists, 90. 

Phelps,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  220. 

Philadelphia,  65,  96,  151,  155, 
161,  163,  190,  204  j  mills 
near,  905  imports  in  1863, 

i87. 

Philadelphia  Bulletin,  156. 
Piercy,  James,  patentee,  172. 
Piersse  &  Brooks**  mills  burnt, 
145- 


Index. 


255 


Piette,  Louis,  died,  178. 

Pigna  cloth,  212. 

Pine,  Edward,  patentee,  92. 

Pine  for  paper,  41  5  wood,  paste- 
board from,  226  j  wood  of 
for  paper,  1  38. 

Pine  apple  of  India  for  paper,  all. 

Pioneer  paper  mill  burned,  206. 

Pitkin,  Elislia,  54. 

Pittsburg,  Pa.,  mill  at,  69,  76. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  160,  172. 

Plantain,  paper  from,  152. 

Platner  &  Smith's  mill  burnt,i59j 
boiler  exploded,  167. 

Plees,  W.,  patentee,  57. 

Plenarium  of  the  treasure  of  the 
church  of  Sandersheim,  19. 

Pliny,  15,  16,  17. 

Plymouth  Co  ,  Mass.,  82. 

Pochin,  H.  D.,  179. 

Pocket  handkerchiefs,  paper  for, 
223. 

Pohl,  Henry,  118. 
Poisson,  Louis  Pierre,  patentee, 
80. 

Poitiers,  France,  195. 

Poitou,  mills  at,  50  j  exports,  59. 

Pope,    petition    to,    27  5  king's 

hatred  of,  28. 
Poplar  for  paper,  49,  103,  199, 

221  .  wood  for  paper,  192. 
Port  Dickinson,  N.  Y.,  mill  at, 

208,  223. 
Portland,  Me.,  143,  167,  209. 
Porto  Rico,   imports  from  Spain, 

115. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  193. 
Portugal,  export  of  rags  prohibited, 

169  j  mills  in,  1874,  230. 
Post  Office  Directory,  227. 
Post  paper,3i. 
Potash,  161, 

Potatoes  for  half  stuff,  188  j  for 

paper,  188. 
Pot  paper,  28. 
Potter,  Messrs.,  38. 
Poulson's  Daily  Advertisor,  70. 
Poumarede,  inventer,  11  a. 
Press-rolls,  185,  186. 


Price  of  paper,  200  j  reduced,  96. 
Prices,  scale  of,  196. 
Priestley,  J.,  &  Co.,  142. 
Priestley,  John,  died,  227. 
Prince  of  Wales  Island  Gazette, 
71. 

Printer,  the,  196. 

Printers'  Circular,  217,  232. 

Printers'  Register,  221. 

Printers,  paper  makers  and  book- 
sellers united,  75. 

Progresses  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  29. 

Proteaux,  17. 

Providence,  R.  I.,  83. 

Prussia,  No.  of  mills,  1846,  ill; 
king  of,  specimens  of  paper 
presented  to,  1385  high  ex- 
port duty,  1555  export  duty 
in  rags,  190;  new  pulping 
process  devised  in,  220. 

Ptolemies,  75. 

Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  16. 

Publisher's  Circular,  174. 

Pulp  dresser,  91,  965  superseded, 
94  j   boilers,   1855  strainer, 

183. 

Putney,  Vr.,  72. 

Queen  Anne,  169;  her  impost, 
34- 

Quincy,  111.,  mill  at,  214. 
Quirini,  patentee,  87. 
Quinnipiac  mill  burned,  227. 

Rag  engine,  162  j  improvement  in, 

183. 

Rag  picker,  the  oldest  in  Paris 
died,  157. 

Rag  pickers,  169. 

Rags,  linen  and  cotton,  45  adver- 
tised for  in  Albany,  58 ; 
Indian,  50  ;  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
52  5,  plentiful  in  Russia,  56  j 
exportation  prohibited  in 
Russia,  5  6  5  homily  on  saving, 
57,  58  j  appeal  for,  in  Eng- 
land, 59  5  in  Martinsburg, 
N.  Y.,  625  at  Schenectady, 
63  5  at  Moreau,  N.  Y.,  64  . 


2$6 


Index* 


Rags,  began  to  be  imported  in  the 
U.  S.,  67  5  yearly  value  of, 
gathered  in  the  U.  S.,  71  ; 
duty  on  in  England,  89  5 
cleaning,  mode  of,  935  col- 
ored and  filthy  for  paper,  93  5 
imported  into  the  United 
States,  1854,  138  j  export 
duty  on  abolished  in  England, 
1 395  import  duty  taken  off  by 
congress,  179  j  substitutes 
for,  201  ;  imported  into  the 
U.  S.,  1872,  225. 

Rahway,  N.  J.,  151. 

Raleigh,  N.  C,  106. 

Ramee  of  Malay  (Urtica  tena- 
cissima)  for  paper,  211. 

Randel,  A.,  patentee,  175. 

Ratisbon,  41,  43. 

Ravensburg,  22. 

Raw  cotton  for  paper,  93. 

Reaumur,  35. 

Red  Hook,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
205. 

Red  pine  for  paper,  138. 
Redstone  creek,  Pa.,  mill  on,  109. 
Reed  cane  of  the  Carolinas  for 

paper,  207. 
Reeds,  paper  from,  160. 
Rees's  Encyclopedia,  65,  75. 
Refuse  leather  for  paper,  90,  146. 
Regensburg,  43. 

Revue  Bib.  du  Pays  Bas,  76,  77. 
Rheea,  from  China, for  paper,  211. 
Rhinbeck,  mill  at,  205. 
Rhode  Island,  43  5  No.  of  mills 

in  18 10,  66. 
Rice,  Alexander  A.,  Boston  paper 

dealer,  230. 
Rice,  Clark,  98. 

Rice,  Thomas  Jr.,  his  mill  burnt, 
162. 

Rice-paper,    Chinese,   61  5  from 

Japan,  222. 
Richard  I,  of  England,  21. 
Richmond,  John,  patentee,  133. 
Rinteln,  university  of,  20. 
Rising  Sun,  JVld.,  mills  near,  224. 
Rittenhouse,  Nicholas  William, 34. 


Ritter,  Mr.,  92. 
Rittinghuysen,  William,  11. 
Rittinghuysen  (Rittenhouse), 

William,  33. 
Rive,  Abbe,  5. 

River  pollution  caused  by  esparto, 

overcome,  214. 
Robert,  Louis,  69  j  inventor,  52, 

53>  54,  55  5  law  suit>  66. 
Robert,  M.,  59. 
Robert's  paper  machine,  60. 
Robert's  paper  mill  burnt,  109. 
Robertson,  John,  217. 
Rochester,  N.  Y.,  107,  181,  185; 

mill  burnt,  81. 
Rochester  Paper  Company,  192. 
Rock  city,  140,  174. 
Rock  River  Paper  Co.,  218. 
Rockton,  111.,  mill  at,  200. 
Rocques,  M.,  105. 
Rodgers,  H.  E.,  his  mill  burnt,203« 
Roger's  Ford,  Pa.,  141,  163,  187. 
Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  diploma  of, 

Roman  states,  machines  in,  123. 

Romans,  paper  of,  6. 

Rome,    papyrus    found  at,  155 

paper  imported  from  the  Two 

Sicilies,  121  j  exporation  of 

rags  prohibited,  153. 
Rondeaux  &  Henn,  patentees,  85. 
Roofing-felt,  208. 
Roofing,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Rope  for  paper,  93,  168. 
Roque,  M.  Adolphe,  122. 
Rose,  Robert,  102. 
Rosin,  163,  166,  1795  soap,  179, 

180. 

Rossman,  Stephen,  inventor,  157. 
Rotating  cylinder,  184. 
Roth,  J.  A.,  patentee,  151,  190. 
Rctten  stone,  for  paper,  37. 
Rouen,  decrease  of  exports  from, 

38. 

Roxborough,  Pa.,  11,  33. 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  134. 
Royal  Library  at  Paris,  19. 
Royal  river  paper    mill  burned, 
212. 


Index. 


257 


Royal  Society  of  Gottingen,  24. 

Royal  Society  of  Science  of  Gottin- 
gen, premium  offered,  39,  415 
prize  medal  for  the  discovery 
of  the  most  ancient  linen 
paper,  24. 

Royal  Society's  garden,  London, 
231. 

Rushes  for  paper,  1  37. 

Russell,  E.  P.,  his  mill  burnt,  177. 

Russell  &  Co.'s  mill  burnt,  196. 

Russia,  imports,  1 1  j  No.  of  mills 
in  1 801,  56  ;  matting  for 
paper,  99  5  paper  making  in, 
1805,  106  5  No.  of  paper 
mills,  1505  annual  product, 
179;  export  duty  on  rags  re- 
duced, 193  5  price  of  rags  in- 
creased 203  5  mills  in  1871, 
2175  mills  in  1874,  230. 

Russian  mills  run  by  English  and 

Germans,  229. 
Rutledge.  G.  E.,  181. 

Ryan,  George  W.,  his  mill  burnt, 
124. 

Rye  straw  for  paper,  166,  208: 

Saardam,  number  employed  in 
paper  making  in,  1770,445 
exports,  43. 

Saccarappa,  mill  at,  167. 

Safer,  M.,  his  mill  burnt,  106. 

Safety  paper,  180,  189}  improve- 
ment in,  178. 

St.  Blaise  monastery,  27. 

St.  Charles,  111.,  197;  paper  mill 
burned,  197. 

St.  Domingo,  48 

St.  Louis,  21,  138. 

St.  Paul,  Minn.,  consumption  of 
paper  in,  170. 

St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  140. 

Sal  ammoniac,  162. 

Salisbury,  Marquis  of,  54. 

Sallow  willow  for  paper,  49. 

Salt  grass,  90. 

Samarcand,   105  manufactory 

paper  at,  18. 
Sandersheim,  19. 


Sanderson,  Mr.,  patentee,  90. 
Sandy  Hill,  N.  Y.,  147  ;  222  ;  mill 

at,  208,  220,  223. 
Saracens,  18,  25. 

Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y.,  200  ;  mill  in, 
1995  mills  in,  1867,  201  $ 
run   on  half  time,  202. 
Saratoga  Whig,  140. 
Sardinia,  machines  in,  1 85 1,  122} 

value  of  product,  1848,  115. 
Satterly,  John,  his  mill  burnt,  I  30. 
Sauce  pans,  paper  for,  223. 
Saugerties,  N.  Y.,  255  mill  at, 
225. 

Saunders,  T.  H.,  144,  202. 
Saunderson,  Isaac,  patentee,  85. 
Savannah  Republican,  114. 
Sawdust,  for  paper,  41  j  and  shav- 
ings for  paper,  210. 
Sawyer,  James,  patentee,  94. 
Saxony,  number   of  mills,  1847, 

113. 
Schaffers,  87. 

Schaffers,  Jacob  Christian,  41,  43. 
Scaghticoke,  172. 
Schaumburg,  count  of,  21. 
Scheele,  discoverer  of  chlorine,  43. 
Schenectady,  63. 

Schoharie  bridge,  N.  Y.,  mill  at, 

65. 

Schoharie  co.,  N.  Y.,  74. 
School  books,  annual  cost,  188. 
Schuyler,  John  F.,  patentee,  181. 
Schuylerville,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  190, 
214. 

Schuylkill,  the,  141,  199. 
Scientific   American,    158,  169, 
176. 

Scripus  lacustae,  223. 
Scotch  fern  for  paper,  145. 
Scotland,    33,    137,   228;  draw- 
back  duty   on  paper,  143, 
145  j  mills  in,  1870,  215. 
Scraper,  186. 

Scutari,  manufactory  at,  destroyed, 

63. 

of    Seaweed  for  paper,  72,  97,  142. 
Seba,  38. 

Seceded  states,  mills  in,  174. 


258 


Index. 


Seguin,  M.,  inventor,  55. 

Selim  III,  sultan,  assassinated,  63. 

Sellers,  experimenter,  188. 

Sellers,  Coleman,  patentee,  96. 

Sellers,  George  Escor,  193. 

Sellers,  G.  S.,  186. 

Sellers  Landing,  111.,  193. 

Serapeum,  50. 

Serrated  rubbers,  173. 

Seratula  ervensis,  for  paper,  58. 

Seymour,  Ct.,  1625  mill  at,  222. 

Sharp,  Mr.,  patentee,  78. 

Sharp's  Gazetteer,  124. 

Sharpless,  Huskins,  &  Wallace's 
mill  burnt,  109. 

Shavings  of  wood  for  paper,  158. 

Shaw,  Edmund,  102. 

Sheathing  paper,  duty  on,  101. 

Sheffield,  J.  B.,  his  mill  burned, 
225. 

Sheridan,  202. 

Shetucket  river,  201. 

Shirley,  Mass.,  102. 

Shirt  bosoms,  paper  used  for,  203. 

Shirts,  paper,  206. 

Shryock,  G.  A.,  88. 

Shushan,  mill  burnt,  203. 

Sicily,  25,  67  5  paper  imported 
from  the  Two  Sicilies,  121. 

Sieve,  1875  cylinder,  181. 

Silesian  linen,  88. 

Silicate  of  magnesia,  187,  189. 

Silk,  refuse,  7  }  not  suitable  for 
making  paper,  7  ;  weed,  sub- 
stitute for  rags,  201  }  grass, 
212. 

Simon,  G.  E.,  patentee,  142. 
Simonds,  Case  &  Co.,  mill  of, 

burnt,  71. 
Simmons,  Peter,  105. 
Sinclair,  James,  137. 
Sizing,    79  ;     and    glazing,  84. 
Skins  used  for  writing  upon,  15. 
Smart,  Messrs.,  165. 
Smill  &  Bell's  mill  burned,  127. 
Smith,  Edward,  theorist,  67. 
Smith,  Elijah,   his  mill  burned, 

224. 

Smith,  Elizur,  his  mill  burnt,  196. 


Smith  Paper  Co.'s  mills,  220. 
Smith,  Tompkins  &   Co.'s  mill 

burned,  206. 
Smith,  W.  W.,  his  mill  burned, 

222. 

Smithsonian  Institution  library, 
43- 

Smyrna,  1555  mill  at,  123. 

Snow  flake  paper,  217. 

Society  of  Agriculture,  58. 

Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  useful 
Knowledge,  98. 

Society  for  the  encouragement  of 
Arts,  confer  medal,  49. 

Society  of  Sciences,  Pa.,  premium 
offered  by,  48 

Soda,  181  5  mode  of  recovering, 
173  5  ash,  179,  180,  183. 

Solution  of  lime,  189. 

Sorbonne,  Paris,  5. 

Sorghum  for  paper,  180. 

Sorgo,  Chinese  sugar  cane,  for 
paper,  180. 

South  Carolina,  1745  provincial 
congress  of,  offered  a  pre- 
mium for  mill,  44;  No.  of 
mills  in  1810,  66. 

South  Dedham,  Mass.,  mills  at, 
197. 

South  Hadley,  Mass.,  121  }  mill 
at  1985  store  house  burnt, 80  } 
falls,  Mass.,  mill  at,  77. 

Southern  India,  211. 

Spain,  126,  2245  imports  from 
France,  11;  art  decayed  in, 
365  No.  of  mills  in,  1800, 
555  imports,  112;  exports, 
1848,  115  }  machines  in 
1 8 5 1,  122}  annual  product, 
I22j  export  of  rags  prohibi- 
ted, 169}  mills  in,  1871,217} 
mills  in,  1874,  230. 

Spanish  grass  for  paper,  194; 
broom, substitute  for  rags, 201. 

Sparganium,  paper  from,  142. 

Spark  of  Friendship,  Churchyard's, 
29. 

Spartum,  16}  or  water  broom  for 
paper,  124,  126. 


Index* 


Spent  liquor,  215. 

Spielman,  29.     See  Spilman. 

Spilman,  27. 

Spilman,  Master,  29. 

Spindle  tree  for  paper,  49. 

Spittoons,  paper  used  for,  203. 

Sponge  paper,  215. 

Springfield,  Mass.,  50,  78,  82, 
94,  99,  101,  103,  113,  115, 
127,167,  1775  mills  at,  192. 

Springfield,  Vt.,  mill  at,  197. 

Stalks  of  Indian  corn  for  paper  181. 

Staple  fibre, 1 66. 

Starch,  165. 

Starin,  Henry  W., his  mill  burnt, 74. 
Steam,  curing  vegetable  fibre  by, 

186}  application    of,  193; 

guns,  185. 
Steubenville,  Ohio,  mill  at,  159. 
Stevenson,  Mr.,  68. 
Stewart  Paper  Co.'s  mills  burned, 

222. 

Stiff,  G.,  parentee,  130. 
Stiles,  Francis,  patentee,  162. 
Stillwater,  N.  Y.,   1975  mill  at, 
206. 

Stimpson,  Solomon,  inventor,  72. 
Stockholm,  imports,  47. 
Stockport,  N.  Y.,   174;  mill  at, 

67,  208. 
Stone  for  paper,  145. 
Storer,  Jacob,  inventor,  193. 
Storm,  Joseph,  patentee,  169. 
Storms  &  Corsa's  boiler  exploded, 

209. 

Straw,  for  paper,  56,  76,  77,  81, 
85,  131,  132,  140,  161,  168, 
194;  paper,  2165  firstattempt 
to  manufacture, 39  ;  first  useful 
paper  manufactured  from,  54; 
process  for  depriving  of  its 
silex,  131  5  process  for  con- 
verting into  paper,  1325  paper 
improved,  165,  175;  manu- 
facturers, meeting  of,  1945 
increase  in  price  of,  195  ;  for 
wrapping, 2085  price  increased, 
208  5  in  the  U.  S.,  219  ; 
board  for  lining  houses,  218. 


Stromer,  Ulman,  25,  26. 
Stuart,  I.  C,  paten  :ee,  153. 
Stuffing  boxes,  182. 
Sturgis,  C.  F.,  patentee,  151. 
Stuyvesant,    N.    Y.,    157;  falls, 

paper  mill  at,  54,  148. 
Suffield,  Ct.,  73,  233. 
Sugar  cane  f  >r  paper,  170. 
Sulphate  of  lime,  165. 
Sulphuric  acid,  155,  190. 
Suitarua,  paper  from  the  bark  of, 

100. 

Sun,  New  York,  136. 

Sun,  The,  82. 

Swamp-flag,  for  paper,  188. 

Swann,  John,  83. 

Sweden,  99  j  imports,  11  ;  number 
of  mills  in  1800,  475  ma- 
chines in  1851,  I22j  No.  of 
mills  in  1865,  1955  mills  in 
1871,  217. 

Sweet,  Sydney  A.,  inventor,  98. 

Sweynheim,  27. 

Swingle  tow  for  paper,  137. 

Switzerland,  2245  imports  from 
France,  11  ;  first  paper  mill 
in,  27  j  machines  in,  1235 
annual  pro-luct,  123  5  mill 
in,  179  ;  mills  in  1871,  217  j 
mills  in,   1874,  230. 

Syracuse  Standard,  149. 

Syrians,  232. 

Szelelmey,  M.,  inventor,  207. 

Table  tops,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Taft,  Frederick  A.,  patentee,  92, 

96. 

Taft,  manufactory  of,  burnt,  94. 
Taishi,  18. 
Tait,  A.  H.,  182. 
Tallman's  mill  burnt,  184. 
Tan,  refuse  for  paper,  104. 
Tanned  leather  waste  for  paper, 
146. 

Tannin  extracted,  162. 
Tapestry,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Tarrytown,  191. 
Tate,  John,  28. 
Taylor  &  Co-'s  mill  burnt,  204. 


160  Index. 


Taylor  &  Darrow,  223. 
Taylor,  John  H.,  died,  223. 
Taylor,  N.  W.,  patentee,  179. 
Taylor,  T.  G.,  patentee,  133. 
Tchuma  of  Assam  (Urtica  nivea) 

for  paper,  211. 
Temesvar,  150. 
Tenan,  Gilbert,  46. 
Tennessee,  No.  of  mills  in,  18 10, 

66. 

Tenney's  mill  burnt,  213. 
Terry,  Dr.,  experimenter,  149. 
Theodoric  abolished  duty  on  paper, 

7;  on  papyrus,  17. 
Thibetans,  100. 

Thistle  for  paper,  49,  56,  1375 

stalks  for  paper,  41,  49. 
Thomas,  66. 

Thomas  &  Woodcock,  patentees, 

Thuringian  states,  111. 

Tibrillia  leather,  184. 

Ticknor  &  Fields  import  from 
London,  200. 

Tileston  &  Hollingsworth's  store- 
house burnt,  161. 

Tilia  americana,  188. 

Times,  London,  140,  141  j  daily 
consumption  of  paper,  1855, 
1405  1868,  205. 

Times,  the,  226. 

Tiraboschi,  23. 

Todd  &  Brother's  mill  burned, 
127. 

Toledo  mills,  Spain,  19. 
Tompkins  co.,  N.  Y.,  9$. 
Toronto,  Canada,  168. 
Tow  for  paper,  93. 
Towgood,  Mr.,  patentee,  96. 
Trash  of  the  sugar  cane,  for  paper, 
177. 

Traveling  furnace,  192. 
Treatise  against  the  Jews,  20. 
Treatise  on  Corn,  83. 
Trenton,  N.  J.,  141 5  mills  sus- 
pended in,  176. 
Treviso,  25. 

Trieste,  106,  155  5  exports  to  the 
United  States,  118. 


Tripot,  M.,  patentee,  97. 

Troy,  N.  Y.,  first  mill  at,  52,  92, 

115,  165. 
Troyes,  24  j  mills  at,  27. 
Truman,  Joseph,  99. 
Trumbull,  Ct.,  86. 
Trunks  of  paper,  200. 
Tules  for  paper,  223. 
Turin,  Italy,  58,  79  5  experiments, 

87. 

Turkey,  mills  in  1871,  217. 
Turkish  wheat,  paper  made  from, 

43>  *S°>  J77  5  empire,  123  ; 

ports,  rags  exported,  1872—3, 

229. 

Turner,  G.  W.,  125. 
Turner,  Mr.,  patentee,  93." 
Turner's  Falls,  Mass.,  221. 
Turnhout,  Belgium,  77. 
Turpentine,  152,  161. 
Tuscan  rags,  1  36. 
Tuscany,  mills  in,  123. 
Twine  made  of  paper,  180. 
Twitch  or  couch  grass  for  paper, 
I  33; 

Twaddle's  hygrometer,  147. 
Two  Sicilies,  number  of  machines 

in  1 8  5 1 ,  121  j  product,  121. 
Two  Waters,  England,  61. 
Typographical  miscellany,  52. 
Tyringham,    Mass.,    98,  1245 

mill  at,  206. 

United  Kingdom,  number  of 
persons  engaged  in  the  trade, 
in  1840,  105  5  excise  duty  in 
1845,  in. 

United  States,  No.  of  mills  in 
1810,  66  j  began  to  import 
rags,  67  ;  No.  of  mills  in 
18 12,  68  j  No.  of  mills  in 
1 8 14,  695  quantity  manu- 
factured in  1 8 14,  69;  yearly 
value  of  rags  gathered  in  the, 
71  j  machinery  began  to  be 
introduced  from  Europe,  72} 
annual  product,  735  news 
paper  required  in  1828,  82; 
productin  1829,  88  ; 


Index. 


261 


United  States,  impetus  given  to 
the  manufacture  in,  93  j  value 
of  manufacture  in  1832,  95  ; 
imports  and  exports,  1838, 
1839,  104  ;  imports  and 
exports,  1840,  106;  im- 
ports and  exports,  1 841, 
107  j  number  of  per- 
sons employed,  1085  pro- 
duct, 1847,  1 14  5  imports, 
1847,  1848,  1145  exports, 
114;  imposted  rags  from 
Leghorn,  115;  paper  from 
Belgium,  116  5  from  Italy, 
116}  exports,   117  5  export, 

1850,  1 18  j  import  of  rags 
from  Trieste,  118;  capital 
employed  1850,  1195  pro- 
duct, 1195  mills,  1195 
operations,      1 19  5  export, 

1851,  120  j  import  rags  from 
nineteen  countries,  1205  ex- 
ports, 1852,  1255  imported 
rags,  126  j  rags  imported 
1853,  128  j  exports,  1853, 
128  5   consumption  of  rags, 

1854, 132;  Per  caPita>  *32; 

paper  produced,  1325  No.  of 
mills  in  1854,  1355  annual 
product,  135;  cost  of  labor, 
1355  imports,  1854,  135; 
reciprocity  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  1375  imports,  1854, 
1385  imported  rags,  1855, 
143  j  annual  production, 
145;  imports,  1857,  154; 
Bank,  155  j  number  of  mills 
i860,  1645  mills  increased, 
201  5  reduced  price  of  paper, 
1867,  202  j  mills  in  run  on 
short  time,  202  j  consumption 
of  paper  in  1868,  2035  mills 
in  1871,  219,  222  ;  paper 
mills  in  1872,  224;  mills  in 
1873,  228  j  value  of  annual 
product,  228  j  mills  in,  1874, 
230;  1875,231  5  No.  of  mills 
in  1877,  233. 
Unconoonuc  mill  burned,  220. 


Underhill,  Messrs.  R.  L.  &  Co., 

mill  of,  burnt,  103. 
Undressed  flax  for  paper,  140. 
Union  Deposit,  Pa.,  224. 
Union  Falls,  124. 
University  of  Paris,  30. 
University  of  Rinteln,  21. 
Upper  Canada,  63. 
Upper  Red  Hook,  54. 
Urbana,  N.  Y.,  103. 
Ure,  Dr.,  106. 

Valencia,  20,  23. 

Valley  Forge,  Pa.,  mill  at,  233. 

Van  Alstyne,  A.  P.,  his  mill  burnt, 

Van  Benthuysen,  Charles,  his  mill 

burnt,  177. 
Van  Cortlandt,  Gen.  Pierre,  his 

mill  burnt,  92. 
Van  Houton,  William,  patentee, 

77,  81. 

Van  Veghten  &  Son,  printers,  63. 
Varro,  6. 

Varzin,  Prussia,  Prince  Bismarck's 

mill  at,  225,  226. 
Vatican,  28. 

Vegetable  substances  for  paper,  56, 
81  ;  parchment,  165  ;  fibre, 
184  ;  mode  of  preparing,  186, 

Venetian  paper,  characteristics  of, 

Venice,  25  j  sent  cotton  paper  to 

Germany,  10. 
Vermont,  No.  of  mills  in  1810,66. 
Vidocq,  E.  F  ,  patentee,  1 1 1. 
Vienna,  industrial  exhibition,  154. 
Villette,  Marquis  de,  works  of,  48. 
Virgil,  Baskerville's  edition  of,  39, 

4?. 

Virginia,  No.  of  mills  in  18 10,  66. 

Vivien,  Mons.,  132. 

Voelter,  no,  114. 

Von  Hartzberg,  Count  Ewald,  48. 

Von  Murr,  22. 

Vougeot,  mill  at,  53. 

Waban  mills,  burnt,  206. 


262 


Index. 


Waistcoats,  paper,  206. 
Wait,  P.  H.,  patentee,  147. 
Wall    paper,    208  j  manufacture 

begun,  30. 
Walsh,  S.  A.,  inventor,  191. 
Warner,  Mass.,  mill  at,  208. 
Warrington,  England,  49. 
Warsaw,  76. 

Wash  bowls,  paper  used  for,  203. 
Washington,  D.  C,  1745  patent 

office  at,  222. 
Waste  paper,  duty  on,  170. 
Water,  scarcity  of,  216. 
Waters,  E.,  &  Son,  231. 
Waterman,  Richard,  patentee,  83. 
Water-mark,  ancient,  28  j  French, 

75  5  indellible,  165  5  shaded, 

202. 

Waterproof  paper,  116  5  overcoats, 
paper  for,  223  j  packing  paper, 
161. 

Watertown,  Mass.,  84  j  mill  at, 
146. 

Watertown,  N.  Y.,  96,  985  mill 

at,  65;  mill  burned,  115. 
Waterville,  Me.,  mill  at,  1445 

mill  burned,  203. 
Watkin,  Thomas,  35. 
Watkins,  Cassidy  &  Brother's  mill 

burned,  206. 
Watson,  Chauncey,  his  mill  burnt, 

190. 

Watson,  Henry,  inventor,  183. 

Watson  &  Ledyard,  45. 

Watt  &  Burgess,  1385  patentees, 
1295  inventors,  1 58  j  chem- 
ical process  of,  195. 

Watts,  patentee,  141. 

Wayfaring  tree,  for  paper,  49. 

Websters,  Ensign  &  Seymour, 
Messrs.,  52. 

Webster's  quarto  Dictionary,  78. 

Weed,  James  A.,  his  mill  burnt, 
208. 

Weekly  News,  London,  221.  . 

Wellington  &  Hunting's  mill 
burnt,  84. 

Wells's  Annual  of  Scientific  Dis- 
covery, 147. 


Wells,  Ramsey,  &  Co.'s  manilla 
paper  works  burned,  224. 

Welsbach,  Dr.  Aloyse  Chevalier 
Auer  de,  patentee,  181. 

West,  George,  inventor,  124. 

West,  George  W.,his  mill  burned, 
220. 

West  India  islands,  210. 

Western  Budget,  63. 

Westfield,  Mass.,  103,  128}  mill 

at  burnt,  204. 
West  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  166. 
Weston,  Mass.,  109. 
Westville,  New  Haven,  Ct.,  mill 

at,  1405  Manufacturing  Co.'s 

mill  burnt,  159. 
Whatman,  James,  40. 
Wheat  straw  for  paper,  41,  166. 
Whipple,  M.  D.,  patentee,  142. 
White  &  Gale,  patentees,  80. 
White,  Norman,  patentee,  125. 
White  &  Sheffield,  116. 
White  hemp  of  Hayti,  substitute 

for  rags,  201. 
Whitney,   Leonard  &  Son's  mill 

burnt,  146. 
Wilder,  Mark,  patentee,  115. 
Wilks,  John,  machinist,  91. 
Williamsville,  mill  at,  176. 
Willow  for  paper,  41,  1995  twigs, 

bark  and  leaves  of,  for  paper, 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  70  5  mill 
at,  2195  mill  near,  232. 

Wilmington,  N.  C,  mills  at,  173. 

Windham,  Ct.,  87. 

Windsor,  England,  32. 

Windsor  Locks,  Ct.,  112,  126; 
mill  at,  145. 

Winnipiseogee  paper  mill  burned, 
225. 

Wire  grass  for  paper,  209. 
Wire-marked  paper,  202. 
Wisconsin  Paper  Co.'s  boiler  ex- 
ploded, 201. 
Wissahickon  creek,  33,  34. 
Wiswall  &  Flagg's  mill  burnt,  97. 
Woburn,  Mass.,  182,  184. 
Wood  &  Reddington,  66. 


Index. 


Wood,  for  paper,  35,  56,  89,  134, 

137,  H;,  *63>  l83i  fibre> 
173  5  disintegrated,  for  paper, 
2105  pulp  patent,  1825 
Works  Company,  195  ; 
shavings,  paper  from,  141  ; 
tablets  of,  232. 

Woodcock,  Thomas  L.,  94. 

Woodville,  N.  Y.,  mill  at,  144. 

Woodward  &  Bartlett,  patentees, 

138. 

Woodworth,  Oliver,  217. 
Woody  substances  for  paper,  186. 
Wool  from  pine  trees  for  paper, 

138. 

Woonsocket,  R.  I.,  169. 
Wooster  &  Holmes,  patentees,  89. 
Wooster,  Lewis,  89. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  53. 
World's  fair  medal,  40  ;  London, 
120. 

Worthington,  Iowa,  manufactory 
at,  157  ;  mill  at,  226. 

Wove  moulds  invented,  39. 

Wrapping  paper,  208 ;  from  wire 
grass,  209. 


Wright,  George  L.,  patentee,  115. 
Writing  paper,  price  raised,  1775 

coating,  192. 
Writing  with  water,  99. 

Xativa,  20,  23. 

Yarmouth,  Maine,  mill  at,  212. 
Yatra  river,  205. 

Yeddo,    Japan,    paper  manufac- 
tured at,  223. 
Yellow  willow  for  paper,  49. 
Ypsilanti,  Mich.,  mill  at,  222. 
Yucca,  substitute  for  rags,  201. 

Zisania  aquatica,  for  paper,  209, 
231. 

Zollverein,  107,  1125  imports  and 
exports,  no;  No.  of  mills, 
1846,  in;  exports,  113 ; 
consumption,  118;  No.  of 
mills  in  1855,  142;  export 
duty  on  rags,  190. 

Zopissa  paper  coffin,  207. 

Zug,  Jacob,  223. 


33  /3»&>. 


J 


GETTY  CENTER  LIBRARY 


3  3125  00799  0704 


